Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions.
Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions.
复制标题
如厕训练：方法、父母期望和相关功能障碍。
DOI：
10.2223/jped.1752
复制
发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
A. Barros
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Denise M. Mota;A. Barros
客观化
回顾有关如厕训练的科学文献和公共文献，包括父母的期望，实现膀胱和肠道控制的可用方法以及相关的发病率。
消息来源
通过MEDLINE、Cochrane Collaboration、Eric、Web of Science、Lilacs和Scielo数据库以及谷歌搜索引擎查询1960年至2007年发表的文章；按作者和儿科学会检索相关文章、文章参考文献。总共检查了473篇文章，其中85篇被选为本综述的对象。
调查结果摘要
父母对可以取下尿布的年龄有不切实际的期望，没有考虑到孩子的发展。近几十年来，厕所培训战略没有改变，在大多数国家，儿童接受培训的年龄被推迟了。训练方法很少使用。在此期间过早地开始厕所训练和紧张的活动可能会延长训练过程。没有接受过正确训练的儿童会出现遗尿、尿路感染、排尿功能障碍、便秘、尿失禁和更频繁地拒绝上厕所。为外行父母准备的文学作品既丰富又充足，以书籍和互联网的形式提供，但巴西人并不广泛使用。只有三个国际儿科学会发布了厕所培训指南。
结论
在大多数国家，厕所培训的开展时间较晚。现有的训练方法与几十年前一样，母亲很少使用，儿科医生也很少重视；不正确的训练可能是导致膀胱和肠道疾病的一个因素，这反过来又会给儿童及其家庭带来问题。
OBJECTIVE
To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents' expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities.
SOURCES
Articles published between 1960 and 2007, identified via the MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, ERIC, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO databases plus queries on the Google search engine; a search of related articles, references of articles, by author and of pediatrics societies. A total of 473 articles were examined and 85 of these were selected for this review.
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. Training methods are rarely used. Starting toilet training prematurely and stressful events during this period can extend the training process. Children who have not been trained correctly present with enuresis, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction, constipation, encopresis and refusal to go to the toilet more frequently. Literature intended for lay parents is both abundant and adequate, available in book form and on the Internet, but it is not widely available to the Brazilian population. Just three international pediatrics societies have published guidelines on toilet training.
CONCLUSIONS
Toilet training is occurring later in the majority of countries. The training methods that exist are the same from decades ago and are rarely used by mothers and valued little by pediatricians; incorrect training can be a causative factor for bladder and bowel disorders, which in turn cause problems for children and their families.
儿童疾病循证医学治疗2006-2007
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2006
期刊：
Chugai igakusha (in press)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Cho;K.;Masako Tanimura
通讯作者：
Masako Tanimura