Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees
Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees
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DOI：
10.1038/nature04047
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发表时间：
2005-09-29
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
de Waal, FBM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Whiten, A;Horner, V;de Waal, FBM
丰富的间接证据表明，记录在野生类人猿中的广泛的行为多样性反映了文化变异的复杂性，这是除我们自己以外的物种所无法比拟的（1-12）。然而，这种解释所假设的文化传播能力仍然难以在实地进行严格的测试，因为控制实验的范围有限（13-16）。在这里，我们表明，实验引入的技术将在不同的猿类社区传播。在同伴没有注意到的情况下，我们首先训练了两组圈养黑猩猩中的每一组的一只高级雌性黑猩猩，采用两种不同的工具使用技术之一从同一个“平底锅”装置中获取食物，然后重新引入每只雌性黑猩猩。到她各自的群体。在当地专家的影响下，32只黑猩猩中只有两只掌握了这项新技术，而在缺乏专家的第三个种群中，没有一只掌握了这项技术。大多数黑猩猩采用了他们群体中的方法，这些传统随着时间的推移继续分化。然而，发现了替代方法的一部分黑猩猩继续与同伴的主要方法相匹配，表现出被视为人类文化标志的从众偏见（11）。
Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own(1-12). However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited(13-16). Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture(11).