Quantum Contract Signing with Entangled Pairs
Quantum Contract Signing with Entangled Pairs
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DOI：
10.3390/e21090821
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发表时间：
2019-08-22
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Souto A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yadav P;Mateus P;Paunković N;Souto A
我们提出了一个量子方案，用于在两个客户端（Alice和Bob）之间使用纠缠态和第三方可信方（Trent）的服务来签署合同。受信任方仅在协议初始化时联系，并且可能在最后，以验证客户端的诚实性并提供签名证书。该协议是公平的，即，客户端（比如说Bob）可以获得合同的签名副本而Alice不能获得的概率可以任意小，并按比例缩放为，其中是协议的总轮数（两个客户端之间的通信）。因此，该协议是乐观的，因为欺骗是不成功的，客户端很少需要通过交付合同的实际签名证书来联系Trent以确认其诚实性。与先前的议定书（Paunković等人，Phys.Rev.A84，062331（2011）），在本提议中，单个客户可以单独获得签署的合同，而不需要另一个客户在场。当第一次接触特伦特时，客户不必就最终合同达成一致。此外，即使在终止协议时，客户端也不会向Trent透露实际的合同。最后，该协议是基于物理定律，而不是基于数学公式和在实际合同签署过程中交换大量已签名的认证消息。因此，它是无滥用的，因为Alice和Bob无法证明他们参与了合同签署过程。
We present a quantum scheme for signing contracts between two clients (Alice and Bob) using entangled states and the services of a third trusted party (Trent). The trusted party is only contacted for the initialization of the protocol, and possibly at the end, to verify clients’ honesty and deliver signed certificates. The protocol is fair, i.e., the probability that a client, say Bob, can obtain a signed copy of the contract, while Alice cannot, can be made arbitrarily small, and scales as , where is the total number of rounds (communications between the two clients) of the protocol. Thus, the protocol is optimistic, as cheating is not successful, and the clients rarely have to contact Trent to confirm their honesty by delivering the actual signed certificates of the contract. Unlike the previous protocol (Paunković et al., Phys. Rev. A 84, 062331 (2011)), in the present proposal, a single client can obtain the signed contract alone, without the need for the other client’s presence. When first contacting Trent, the clients do not have to agree upon a definitive contract. Moreover, even upon terminating the protocol, the clients do not reveal the actual contract to Trent. Finally, the protocol is based on the laws of physics, rather than on mathematical conjectures and the exchange of a large number of signed authenticated messages during the actual contract signing process. Therefore, it is abuse-free, as Alice and Bob cannot prove they are involved in the contract signing process.
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