Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
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Megachilini 的形态系统发育和蜜蜂切叶行为的进化（膜翅目：Megachilidae）
DOI：
10.17161/jom.v0i85.11541
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Engel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. González;Grey T. Gustafson;M. Engel
蜜蜂的一个独特特征是某些种类的巨型蜜蜂能够切割和加工新鲜的叶子来建造巢穴。在女性下颌牙齿（牙间纹层）之间存在一个剃刀，以促进叶片切割（LC），这是一种形态学上的新奇现象，可能引发了该群体随后的多样化。然而，我们对这一群体的系统发育了解有限，尽管描述的物种数量众多，而且这种下颌结构的起源和变异模式尚不清楚。本文通过对Megachilini所有属和Megachile s.l 50多个亚属的成虫外部形态特征进行分支分析，对8个外群和114个内群种的272个性状进行编码。根据加权方案（等加权或隐含加权），我们的简约性分析表明，Megachilini s.l.是单系的，Noteriades Cockerell或Coelioxys Latreille + Radoszkowskiana Popov分支是所有其他Megachilini的现存姐妹群。此外，我们还进行了贝叶斯全证据尖端年代分析，以检验其他可能的牙间板关系和变异模式的假设。我们的分析表明，牙间板是由下颌骨的两种不同结构异步发育而来的，并且在表型可塑性上存在差异。采用系统发育两两比较的特征相关试验表明，牙间板的存在与头部大小、下颌骨大小和形状以及内收肌间隙上的短毛无关。我们讨论了我们的发现对Megachilini分类的影响，以及关于这种行为的新的进化、生态和功能假设的发展。新建立的分类群是Pseudoheriadini Gonzalez & Engel，新部落，Ochreriadini Gonzalez & Engel，新部落，Cremnomegachile Gonzalez & Engel，新属，Rozenapis Gonzalez & Engel，新属，saucro智利Gonzalez & Engel，新属，以及以下新组合：Cremnomegachile dolichosoma (Benoist)，新组合，Rozenapis ignita (Smith)，新组合，和saucro智利heriadiformis (Smith)，新组合。
A unique feature among bees is the ability of some species of Megachile Latreille s.l. to cut and process fresh leaves for nest construction. The presence of a razor between the female mandibular teeth (interdental laminae) to facilitate leaf-cutting (LC) is a morphological novelty that might have triggered a subsequent diversification in this group. However, we have a limited understanding of the phylogeny of this group despite the large number of described species and the origins and patterns of variations of this mandibular structure are unknown. Herein, using a cladistic analysis of adult external morphological characters, we explored the relationships of all genera of Megachilini and the more than 50 subgenera of Megachile s.l. We coded 272 characters for 8 outgroups and 114 ingroup species. Depending on the weighting scheme (equal or implied weighting), our parsimony analyses suggested the monophyly of Megachile s.l. and that either Noteriades Cockerell or the clade Coelioxys Latreille + Radoszkowskiana Popov is the extant sister group of all other Megachilini. In addition, we conducted Bayesian total-evidence tip-dating analyses to examine other possible hypotheses of relationships and patterns of variation of the interdental lamina. Our analyses suggest that interdental laminae developed asynchronicaly from two different structures in the mandible, and differ in their phenotypic plasticity. Character correlation tests using phylogenetic pairwise comparisons indicated that the presence of interdental lamina is not associated with head size, mandible size and shape, and pubescence on the adductor interspace. We discuss the implications of our findings for the classification of Megachilini and the development of novel evolutionary, ecological, and functional hypotheses on this behavior. New taxa established are Pseudoheriadini Gonzalez & Engel, new tribe, Ochreriadini Gonzalez & Engel, new tribe, Cremnomegachile Gonzalez & Engel, new genus, Rozenapis Gonzalez & Engel, new genus, and Saucrochile Gonzalez & Engel, new genus, along with the following new combinations: Cremnomegachile dolichosoma (Benoist), new combination, Rozenapis ignita (Smith), new combination, and Saucrochile heriadiformis (Smith), new combination.