Empathy reconsidered : new directions in psychotherapy
Empathy reconsidered : new directions in psychotherapy
复制标题
重新考虑同理心：心理治疗的新方向
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Greenberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Bohart;L. Greenberg
亚瑟C. BOHART和LESLIE S.格林伯格，编者重新考虑移情：心理治疗的新方向华盛顿，DC：美国心理协会出版社，1997年，xv + 477页。(ISBN 1-55798-410-7，49.95美元，精装）审查德里克TRUSCOTT是心理治疗师技术员？我们是否应该接受培训，以应用经验支持的治疗方法？那些支持治疗技术的人（例如，Hunsley，多布森，约翰斯顿，& Mikail，1999）认为如此。尽管事实上，30年和数百项研究（Orlinsky，Grawe，& Parks，1994）未能为他们的假设提供实证支持，即某些干预措施应该对某些类型的人更有帮助。如果一个人实际上从经验上研究心理治疗，他会不由自主地得出这样的结论：当两个或更多的人与至少一个意图帮助另一个人的人互动时，接受者会比他或她更好。考虑到为得出这一结论所花费的大量时间和金钱，这似乎不是一个特别深刻的结论，然而，这是一个经验上有效的结论。这就引出了一个非常有趣和值得研究的问题：“心理治疗是如何起作用的？“一个年轻的成年男性客户努力寻找自己在世界上的位置。他想属于同龄人的社会群体，但又不觉得舒服，也不特别被他们接受。“你想和他们一样吗？“他的治疗师问。来访者将这个问题视为一种启示。这感觉刚刚好：一致和支持，但同时在他的世界观的参差不齐的边缘。他能够继续他的生活。一位年长的男性客户因后悔与儿子的关系而瘫痪，他的儿子现在已经成年，与他疏远。治疗师使用引导意象，结合客户提供的舒缓图像。当治疗师引导来访者通过这些图像时，他体验到对来访者遗憾的理解，并自发地将来访者认为富有成效的过程建议纳入其中。治疗师无法解释他的灵感来自哪里。这些都是心理治疗中“鸡皮疙瘩”时刻的例子，客户和治疗师深入参与了一个促进重大进展的过程。每一个都涉及一个过程事件，大多数人称之为移情。但是，我们所说的同理心到底是什么意思呢？它在心理治疗中扮演什么角色？这些问题是亚瑟·博哈特和莱斯利·格林伯格在他们编辑的《重新思考移情》一书中提出的。虽然还没有得出明确的答案，但考虑到这一点，任何想要理解或实践心理治疗的人都应该阅读这本书。这是一本临床或咨询心理学研究生、心理治疗研究人员和心理治疗师都应该阅读的书。这不是一本容易阅读的书;它绝对不是一本“如何操作”的手册。相反，它具有挑战性，发人深省。然而，专注的读者会得到回报。在某些方面，读者起初可能会觉得这本书没有作为一个完整的整体。我认为，这是理论视角（以客户为中心、经验、精神分析和其他）组织章节的副产品，这是不幸的。我认为这本书按主题组织会更好，但这真的是一个肤浅的批评。在更深的层次上，这本书的作品激发了我们对我们在尝试进行心理治疗时所做的事情以及为什么要这样做的基本假设的质疑。它激发读者去探索我们的治疗实践的概念框架的参差不齐的边缘。这就是这本书的价值所在。更倾向于应用的读者也可能倾向于忽略其中的许多章节，因为它们太过哲学化而不实用，但是，就像任何敢于尝试并抓住装病者的人必须阅读刘易斯和萨尔尼（1993）的《日常生活中的谎言和欺骗》一样，探索一个概念的更广泛基础可以保护我们避免因未能看到陷阱而导致的错误，否则这些陷阱会在我们的视野之外。…
ARTHUR C. BOHART and LESLIE S. GREENBERG, Editors Empathy Reconsidered: New Directions in Psychotherapy Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 1997, xv + 477 pp. (ISBN 1-55798-410-7, Us$49.95, Hardcover) Reviewed by DEREK TRUSCOTT Are psychotherapists technicians? Should we be trained to apply empirically supported treatments? Those who champion therapeutic technology (e.g., Hunsley, Dobson, Johnston, & Mikail, 1999) think so. This despite the fact that 30 years and hundreds of research studies (Orlinsky, Grawe, & Parks, 1994) have failed to produce empirical support for their assumption that some interventions should be more helpful for some kinds of persons with some kinds of problems (Paul, 1967) . If one actually approaches psychotherapy research empirically, one cannot help but conclude that when two or more people interact with at least one intending to help the other, the recipient fares better than he or she would have otherwise. This may not appear to be a particularly profound conclusion given the enormous amounts of time and money that have been expended to arrive at it. It is, however, an empirically valid conclusion. And it gives rise to a tremendously interesting and eminently researchable question: "How does psychotherapy work?" A young adult male client struggles to find his place in the world. He wants to belong to the social group of his peers, yet does not feel comfortable or particularly accepted by them. "Do you want to be like them?" his therapist asks. The client experiences the question as a revelation. It feels just perfectly right: congruent and supportive, yet at the same time at the ragged edge of his world view. He is able to move on in his life. A older male client is paralyzed by regret over his relationship with his son who is now an adult and estranged from him. The therapist uses guided imagery incorporating soothing images provided by the client. As the therapist guides the client through these images, he experiences an understanding of the client's regret and spontaneously incorporates process proposals that the client finds intensely productive. The therapist is at a loss to explain where he got his inspiration. These are examples of "goosebump" moments in psychotherapy where the client and therapist are deeply engaged in a process that prompts significant progress. Each of them involves a process event that most would call empathy. But what, exactly, do we mean by empathy? And what role does it play in how psychotherapy works? These are the questions that Arthur Bohart and Leslie Greenberg address in their edited book, Empathy Reconsidered. While definitive answers are not arrived at, the considerations have resulted in a book that ought to be required reading for anyone who wants to understand or practice psychotherapy. This is a book that should be read by graduate students in clinical or counselling psychology, psychotherapy researchers, and psychotherapists. It is not an easy read; it is definitely not a "how-to" manual. Rather, it is challenging and thought-provoking. The dedicated reader, however, will be rewarded. In some respects the reader may at first feel that the book does not hold together as an integrated whole. This, I think, is a by product of the chapters being organized by theoretical perspective (client-centred, experiential, psychoanalytic, and other), which is unfortunate. I think the book would have been better organized by topic, but this is really a superficial criticism. At a deeper level the book works to stimulate a questioning of our basic, often unconsidered, assumptions about what we do and why we do it when we attempt to practice psychotherapy. It incites the reader to explore the ragged edges of our conceptual framework for therapeutic practice. And it is at this level that the book rewards. Readers of a more applied bent may also be inclined to dismiss many of the chapters as too philosophical to be practical but, just as anyone who dares to try and catch a malingerer must read Lewis and Saarni's (1993) Lying and Deception in Everyday Life, exploring the broader base of a concept protects us from the errors caused by failing to see pitfalls that would otherwise be outside our view. …