The Welfare Effects of Trade in Phytomedicines: A Multi-Disciplinary Analysis of Turmeric Production
The Welfare Effects of Trade in Phytomedicines: A Multi-Disciplinary Analysis of Turmeric Production
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DOI：
10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.024
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Heinrich, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Booker, Anthony;Johnston, Deborah;Heinrich, Michael
草药产品的国际贸易正在增长，而价值链正变得更加复杂，并受到一系列公共和私营标准的制约。关于植物药生产在多大程度上可使中低收入国家的农民受益，存在着一场辩论。更一般地说，对于小农户在多大程度上因北方农产品市场严格的公共卫生和私人消费标准而处于不利地位，存在着各种不同的看法。本文证明了价值链的比较分析，在印度的姜黄生产的案例研究。它结合了对印度姜黄生产基地的定性调查和对各种姜黄产品化学质量的调查。本文的目的是了解不同的结构和治理的价值链的方式改变了生产者和消费者的利益。当生产是为有机北方市场进行时，我们发现有证据表明存在一个“被俘虏”的价值链，其中领头公司要求严格遵守生产和加工条件。农民的价格相对稳定，处于合理的较高水平。相比之下，如果农民为当地市场生产，包括在Erode的大型拍卖，价格波动很大，农民要承担相当大的风险。我们发现，基于市场的供应链中的竞争和波动会导致有意和无意的姜黄掺假和污染。我们的案例研究表明，许多小规模的姜黄种植者会发现很难同时满足公共和私人的健康标准，而一些学术文献认为，公共卫生标准并不歧视小规模的农民。不仅如此，我们的研究还增加了对标准影响的讨论，表明北方市场的消费者明显受益。然而，也有迹象表明，只有规模更大、更有活力的农民才能参与利润丰厚的植物药贸易。因此，我们的研究初步支持以前的文献表明，标准的应用在北方市场导致农民分化增加。(C)2015爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
International trade in medicinal herbal products is growing, while value chains are becoming more complex and governed by a range of public and private standards. There is a debate over the extent to which phytomedicine production can be beneficial for farmers in low- and middle-income countries. More generally, there are varied views about the extent to which small farmers are disadvantaged by stringent public health and private consumer standards in northern markets for agricultural products. This paper proves a comparative analysis of value chains, using case studies of turmeric production in India. It marries a qualitative investigation of turmeric producing sites in India with an investigation into the chemical quality of various turmeric products. The aim of the paper is to understand the way that varied structure and governance of value chains changes the benefits to both producer and consumer. When production is for the organic northern market, we found evidence of a "captive" value chain, where the lead firm requires strict adherence to conditions of production and processing. Prices for farmers were relatively stable, at a reasonably high level. In contrast, where farmers were producing for local markets, including the major auction at Erode, prices were volatile and farmers bore considerable risk. We found that competition and volatility in the market-based chain can lead to turmeric adulteration and contamination, both intentional and unintentional. Our case study suggests that many small turmeric farmers would find it difficult to meet both public and private health standards, in contrast to some academic literature that argues that public health standards do not discriminate against small farmers. More than this, our study adds to the discussion of the impact of standards, suggesting clear consumer benefits in northern markets. However, there are also indications that only larger and more dynamic farmers can participate in the lucrative phytomedicine trade. As such, our study tentatively supports previous literature suggesting that the application of standards in northern markets lead to increasing farmer differentiation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.