Causal attributions of helping as a function of age and incentives
Causal attributions of helping as a function of age and incentives
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帮助的因果归因与年龄和激励因素的关系
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00310.x
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
D. Gelfand
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Peterson;D. Gelfand
Peterson，Lizette，and Gelfand，Donna M.年龄与动机对助人行为归因的影响。儿童发展，1984年，第55卷，第504-511页。在一年级、四年级、六年级和大学水平的学生中，对故事人物的助人行为进行了因果解释。受试者听到的故事，表现了演员对帮助的8种不同后果的预期：消极的外部后果（批评，惩罚），积极的外部后果（赞扬，奖励），互惠，满足基于规范的期望，同情，没有具体的原因。正如所预测的那样，即使是最年轻的受试者，对参与者意图的了解也会让他们对那些出于害怕惩罚或批评而提供帮助的参与者的内在动机产生怀疑。四、六年级学生和成人认为惩罚比批评更具强制性，消极后果比表扬和有形奖励更具强制性。成年人对帮助他人的后果做出了最好的区分。他们认为所有参与者的内在动机都不如孩子们，并且认为那些对同情心做出反应或动机未被描述的人是最无私的，其次是那些期待得到表扬的人。不像他们的同龄人在类似的研究中，一年级学生没有错误地归因于演员帮助预期奖励，可能是由于简化，单一的故事方法或有关演员意图的信息，或两者兼而有之。
PETERSON, LIZETTE, and GELFAND, DONNA M. Causal Attributions of Helping as a Function of Age and Incentives. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 504-511. Causal interpretations of story characters' helpful behavior were examined in first-, fourth-, and sixth-grade, and college-level students. Subjects heard stories featuring actors' anticipations of each of 8 different consequences for helping: negative external consequences (criticism, punishment), positive external consequences (praise, reward), reciprocity, satisfaction of norm-based expectations, empathy, and no reason specified. As predicted, knowledge of the actors' intentions permitted even the youngest subjects to discount the intrinsic motivation of actors who helped out of fear of punishment or criticism. Fourthand sixth-grade students and adults rated punishment as more coercive than criticism and both negative consequences as more coercive than praise and tangible reward. Adults made the finest distinctions between consequences for helping. They rated all actors as less intrinsically motivated to help than did the children, and saw those responding to empathy or whose motivation was undescribed as the most altruistic, followed by those anticipating receiving praise. Unlike their age-mates in similar studies, the first graders did not mistakenly attribute heightened desire to help to actors helping in the anticipation of reward, perhaps due to the simplified, single-story method or the information about actors' intentions, or both.