The development of visuomotor decision making under risk
The development of visuomotor decision making under risk
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风险下视觉运动决策的发展
DOI：
10.1167/12.9.1116
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Dekker T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dekker T
人类成年人似乎会考虑他们的感觉和运动的不确定性，以便在视觉运动决策任务中最大限度地获得收益，这些任务构成的挑战类似于接住一个快速接近的球或伸手抓住一个物体而避开另一个物体。这种能力是如何发展的目前尚不清楚，但关于风险的不成熟的视觉运动决策可能有助于解释儿童事故的高比率。为了探索风险下视觉运动决策的发展，我们应用了最近提出的一个经济决策框架，该框架描述了成年人在快速指向任务中的行为(Trommershäuser等人，2003)到同一任务的儿童友好版本。我们要求6到11岁的儿童和成年人通过快速触摸屏幕上的目标来获得分数，同时避免部分重叠的惩罚区域。分配给惩罚和目标区域的值以及这些区域的空间配置各不相同。为了正确地选择在每种情况下最大化收益的瞄准点，受试者必须将关于奖励结构的信息与关于他们自己视觉运动不确定性的信息结合起来。与之前的发现一致，成年人选择了接近最大化预期收益的移动策略，以应对惩罚位置和大小的变化。然而，当引入风险时，儿童表现出策略上的变化，但他们的指向策略不如成年人的最优策略。我们使用了两个控制任务来检查儿童的表现是否不会因为对数值的非线性理解或对自身运动变异性的缺乏了解而感到困惑。我们的发现表明，在快速的视觉运动任务中最大化收益时，考虑视觉运动不确定性的能力需要惊人的长时间来发展，并持续成熟到11岁以后。
Human adults appear to take their sensory and motor uncertainty into account in order to maximize gain in visuomotor decision tasks that pose challenges similar to those involved in catching a rapidly approaching ball or reaching for an object while avoiding another. How this ability develops is currently not known, but it is possible that immature visuomotor decision-making with respect to risks can help explain the high rate of childhood accidents. To explore the development of visuomotor decision making under risk, we applied a recently proposed economic decision making framework that describes adults’ behavior in a rapid pointing task (Trommershäuser et al., 2003) to a child-friendly version of the same task. We asked 6 to 11-year old children and adults to earn points by rapidly touching a target on a screen, while avoiding a partially overlapping penalty region. Values assigned to penalty and target regions and spatial configurations of those regions were varied. To correctly choose the aiming point that maximizes gain for each condition, subjects must combine information about the reward structure with information about their own visuomotor uncertainty. In line with previous findings, adults chose movement strategies that came close to maximizing expected gain in response to changes in penalty location and size. Children, however, showed a change in strategy when risk was introduced but their pointing strategies were less close to optimal than those of adults. We used two control tasks to check that children’s performance was not confounded by either non-linear understanding of numeric value or poor knowledge of own motor variability. Our findings suggest that the ability to take visuomotor uncertainty into account when maximizing gain in a rapid visuomotor task takes a surprisingly long time to develop, and continues to mature until after age 11 years.