Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19: Evidence from Six Large Cities.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19: Evidence from Six Large Cities.
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DOI：
10.1007/s41996-020-00068-9
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yelowitz A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benitez J;Courtemanche C;Yelowitz A
截至二零二零年六月，冠状病毒大流行已导致美国超过230万人确诊感染及121，000人死亡，不同种族及族裔的发病率截然不同。我们的研究考察了亚特兰大、巴尔的摩、芝加哥、纽约市、圣地亚哥和圣路易斯等六个不同城市确诊的COVID-19病例中的种族和民族差异，这些城市在邮政编码水平上（覆盖436个“社区”，人口1770万）。我们的分析将这些结果与六个独立的数据源联系起来，以控制人口统计学;住房;社会经济地位;职业;交通方式;医疗保健获取;长期机会，以收入流动性和监禁率衡量;人类流动性;以及基本的人口健康。我们发现，在一个邮政编码区，黑人和西班牙裔居民的比例与人均COVID-19病例呈正相关，且具有统计学显著性。黑人和西班牙裔的数量都相当大，但西班牙裔的数量更大。虽然这些差异中的一些可以通过长期机会，人员流动性和人口统计学的差异来解释，但即使在包括与可能机制相关的广泛协变量列表之后，大多数差异仍然无法解释。对于芝加哥和纽约这两个城市，我们还研究了COVID-19死亡人数，发现确诊的COVID-19病例的差异解释了观察到的死亡人数差异的大部分原因。换句话说，以黑人和西班牙裔为主的社区中COVID-19死亡人数的增加主要反映了较高的病例率，而不是确诊病例的较高死亡率。
As of June 2020, the coronavirus pandemic has led to more than 2.3 million confirmed infections and 121 thousand fatalities in the USA, with starkly different incidence by race and ethnicity. Our study examines racial and ethnic disparities in confirmed COVID-19 cases across six diverse cities—Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, New York City, San Diego, and St. Louis—at the ZIP code level (covering 436 “neighborhoods” with a population of 17.7 million). Our analysis links these outcomes to six separate data sources to control for demographics; housing; socioeconomic status; occupation; transportation modes; health care access; long-run opportunity, as measured by income mobility and incarceration rates; human mobility; and underlying population health. We find that the proportions of Black and Hispanic residents in a ZIP code are both positively and statistically significantly associated with COVID-19 cases per capita. The magnitudes are sizeable for both Black and Hispanic, but even larger for Hispanic. Although some of these disparities can be explained by differences in long-run opportunity, human mobility, and demographics, most of the disparities remain unexplained even after including an extensive list of covariates related to possible mechanisms. For two cities—Chicago and New York—we also examine COVID-19 fatalities, finding that differences in confirmed COVID-19 cases explain the majority of the observed disparities in fatalities. In other words, the higher death toll of COVID-19 in predominantly Black and Hispanic communities mostly reflects higher case rates, rather than higher fatality rates for confirmed cases.