Potential benefits and limitations of enriched environments and cognitive activity on age-related behavioural decline.
Potential benefits and limitations of enriched environments and cognitive activity on age-related behavioural decline.
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2011_134
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mesa-Gresa, Patricia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Redolat, Rosa;Mesa-Gresa, Patricia
本章的主要目的是回顾临床前研究，这些研究评估了可能有助于预防或延缓年龄相关行为衰退的干预措施。环境丰富（EE）的动物模型可用于评估认知，身体和社会刺激在缓解不同年龄认知能力下降方面的影响。EE范式已被提出作为一种非侵入性治疗，用于减轻年龄相关的记忆障碍和神经退行性疾病。虽然在这个复杂的环境中，啮齿动物可以在不同的水平（身体，社会，认知和感官）受到刺激，尽管所有这些组件之间的协同作用可能发挥重要作用。我们将总结与EE相关的现有数据，作为减缓或抵消与年龄相关的认知和行为变化的潜在治疗策略。EE还改变生理反应并诱导神经生物学变化，如刺激神经发生和神经可塑性。在行为层面，EE改善学习和记忆任务，减少焦虑。几个变量似乎影响EE诱导的行为和认知益处，包括动物首次暴露于EE的年龄、动物接受EE的总时间、性别、评估的认知任务、给药药物和个体因素。在丰富的实验环境中对动物的认知和身体刺激可能会导致更好地理解促进人类认知储备（CR）形成和更健康生活的因素。在本章中，我们回顾了EE在老年啮齿动物和阿尔茨海默病（AD）动物模型中的潜在益处。EE临床前模型中获得的结果可能与未来对精神和神经退行性疾病，压力，衰老和环境模拟物的发展的研究有关。最后，我们概述了EE研究的主要局限性（实验室之间的变异性，分离EE的不同组成部分的难度，实验对象的性别，EE反应的个体差异），评估丰富的环境和神经生物学机制的潜在益处。我们的结论是，有实验数据表明，在丰富的环境中饲养啮齿动物的认知效益，并讨论其含义，澄清哪些变量有助于形成的CR。
The main aim of this chapter is to review preclinical studies that have evaluated interventions which may aid in preventing or delaying age-related behavioural decline. Animal models of Environmental Enrichment (EE) are useful for evaluating the influence of cognitive, physical and social stimulation in mitigating cognitive decline at different ages. The EE paradigm has been proposed as a non-invasive treatment for alleviating age-related memory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. While in this complex environment, rodents can be stimulated at different levels (physical, social, cognitive and sensorial), although a synergism between all these components is likely to play an important role. We will summarize available data relating to EE as a potential therapeutic strategy that slows down or counteracts age-related cognitive and behavioural changes. EE also alters physiological responses and induces neurobiological changes such as stimulation of neurogenesis and neural plasticity. At the behavioural level, EE improves learning and memory tasks and reduces anxiety. Several variables seem to influence the behavioural and cognitive benefits induced by EE, including the age at which animals are first exposed to EE, total period during which animals are submitted to EE, gender, the cognitive task evaluated, the drug administered and individual factors. Cognitive and physical stimulation of animals in enriched experimental environments may lead to a better understanding of factors that promote the formation of cognitive reserve (CR) and a healthier life in humans. In the present chapter we review the potential benefits of EE in aged rodents and in animal models of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Results obtained in preclinical models of EE may be relevant to future research into mental and neurodegenerative diseases, stress, aging and development of enviromimetics. Finally, we outline the main limitations of EE studies (variability between laboratories, difficulty of separating the different components of EE, gender of experimental subjects, individual differences in the response to EE), evaluating the potential benefits of enriched environments and the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie them. We conclude that there are experimental data which demonstrate the cognitive benefits of rearing rodents in enriched environments and discuss their implication for clarifying which variables contribute to the formation of the CR.