Unpacking Sanitation Planning Comparing Theory and Practice
Unpacking Sanitation Planning Comparing Theory and Practice
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拆解卫生规划理论与实践比较
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
J. McConville
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作者：
J. McConville
缺乏适当的卫生设施会对环境和公共健康、经济和人类尊严产生重大负面影响。尽管为实现联合国千年发展目标作出了努力，但世界将无法实现到2015年将无法获得改善的卫生设施的人口比例减半的目标;卫生领域内普遍认为，该部门未能为最需要的人带来实质性的改善。向得不到充分服务的人提供环境卫生服务这一全球性挑战突出表明，必须严格评价和改变环境卫生规划和服务提供的方式。
本论文的总体目标是更好地了解规划过程中使用的卫生领域和它们的重要性，卫生工作的可持续性。为了实现这一目标，它试图弥合城市规划师和卫生工程师的专业。具体而言，它探讨了环境卫生规划过程的结构，在何种程度上参与环境卫生规划中发挥作用，以及在何种程度上不同的角度标准的可持续环境卫生出现在这个过程中。为了将规划过程分解为这些不同的元素，本文基于规划和卫生工程的理论和实践，开发了一个分析框架（SanPlan扫描）。该框架的性能，随后测试其能力，以确定有趣的趋势，参与水平，程序规划模式，并在一些案例研究的可持续性标准，从卫生项目在西非和流行的卫生规划准则。
由此产生的分析确定了卫生规划准则和实地实践之间的关键差异。例如，与所研究的案例相比，准则一贯建议更多的合作和参与式规划风格，特别是包括用户。结果还表明，尽管关于参与的必要性的言论很多，但设计卫生设施备选方案的过程，以及在某种程度上的选择过程，仍然以专家主导的规划方式为主。从本论文的多项研究中可以得出的主要结论是，需要更多地关注规划过程本身是如何设计和执行的。本论文通过提供一个讨论和理解卫生规划实践的起点，支持系统适应卫生规划过程的发展。
Lack of proper sanitation is linked to significant negative impacts on environmental and public health, economy, and human dignity. Despite the efforts made to reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the world will miss its target of halving the percentage of people without access to improved sanitation by 2015; and there is general agreement within the field of sanitation that the sector has failed to deliver substantial improvements to the most needy. This global challenge of providing sanitation services to the underserved highlights the need to critically evaluate and change the way in which sanitation planning and service provision is approached.
The overall objective of this thesis is to better understand the planning processes used in the field of sanitation and their importance for the sustainability of sanitation efforts. To achieve this, it attempts to bridge the professions of urban planners and sanitation engineers. Specifically it explores how sanitation planning processes are structured, to what extent participation plays a role in sanitation planning, and to what extent different perspectives of criteria for sustainable sanitation appear in the process. In order to unpack the planning process into these different elements this thesis develops an analytical framework (the SanPlan Scan) based on a mixture of theory and practice from planning and sanitary engineering. The performance of this framework is subsequently tested for its ability to identify interesting trends in participation levels, procedural planning modes, and criteria for sustainability in a number of case studies from sanitation projects in West Africa and popular sanitation planning guidelines.
The resulting analyses identify critical differences between sanitation planning guidelines and practice in the field. For example, the guidelines consistently recommend more collaborative and participatory planning styles, especially including users, than was seen in the cases studied. The results also show that the process of designing sanitation options, and to some degree the selection process, remained dominated by expert-led planning styles, despite the abundance of rhetoric regarding the need for participation. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the multiple studies within this thesis is that more attention is needed to how the planning process itself is designed and conducted. This thesis supports the development of systematically adapted sanitation planning processes, by providing a starting point for discussing and understanding the practice of sanitation planning.