An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza
An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.051
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发表时间：
2007-07-26
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Alexander, Dennis J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alexander, Dennis J.
从禽类中只分离到了甲型流感病毒，并将其命名为禽流感病毒，但从禽类中分离到了所有16种血凝素[H1-H16]和所有9种神经氨酸酶[N1-N9]流感亚型的病毒。感染家禽的甲型流感病毒可分为两组。导致高致病性禽流感[HPAI]的超强毒病毒，禽群死亡率高达100%。这些病毒仅限于H5和H7亚型，尽管并不是所有的H5和H7病毒都会引起HPAI。直到最近，HPAI病毒很少从野生鸟类中分离出来，但在监测研究中记录到极高的LPAI病毒分离率，鸭和鹅的总分离率约为11%，所有其他物种的分离率约为2%。流感病毒可感染世界所有地区所有类型的家禽或圈养鸟类，任何类型的禽类发生初次感染的频率通常取决于与野鸟的接触程度。二次传播通常与人类的参与有关，要么是通过鸟类或禽类产品的移动，要么是通过将受感染的粪便从受感染的鸟类转移到易受感染的鸟类，但也可能涉及野生鸟类。近年来，意大利、荷兰和加拿大的家禽中爆发了代价高昂的HPAI疫情，为了控制疫情，每一次都有数百万只禽类被宰杀。自20世纪90年代以来，由两种亚型引起的禽流感感染在世界上大片地区的家禽中普遍存在。在此期间，LPAI H9N2似乎已经蔓延到整个亚洲，并在许多受影响的国家成为家禽中的地方性流行病。然而，H5N1 HPAI病毒的爆发往往被最初在中国分离的HPAI病毒所掩盖，HPAI病毒现在已在亚洲各地的家禽和/或野鸟中传播，并进入欧洲和非洲，导致数亿家禽死亡或被扑杀，并构成重大的人畜共患病威胁。(C)2006爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Only viruses of the Influenzavirus A genus have been isolated from birds and termed avian influenza [At] viruses, but viruses with all 16 haemagglutinin [H1-H16] and all 9 neuraminidase [N1-N9] influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species.Influenza A viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two groups. The very virulent viruses causing highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], with flock mortality as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all H5 and H7 viruses cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a milder, primarily respiratory, disease [LPAI], unless exacerbated.Until recently HPAI viruses were rarely isolated from wild birds, but for LPAI viruses extremely high isolation rates have been recorded in surveillance studies, with overall figures of about 11% for ducks and geese and around 2% for all other species. Influenza viruses may infect all types of domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, the frequency with which primary infections occur in any type of bird usually depending on the degree of contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with human involvement, either by bird or bird product movement or by transferring infective faeces from infected to susceptible birds, but potentially wild birds could be involved.In recent years there have been costly outbreaks of HPAI in poultry in Italy, The Netherlands and Canada and in each millions of birds were slaughtered to bring the outbreaks under control.Since the 1990s AI infections due to two subtypes have been widespread in poultry across a large area of the World. LPAI H9N2 appears to have spread across the whole of Asia in that time and has become endemic in poultry in many of the affected countries.However, these outbreaks have tended to have been overshadowed by the H5N1 HPAI virus, initially isolated in China, that has now spread in poultry and/or wild birds throughout Asia and into Europe and Africa, resulting in the death or culling of hundreds of millions of poultry and posing a significant zoonosis threat. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.