Commercial Ice Machines: The Potential for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response
Commercial Ice Machines: The Potential for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response
复制标题
商用制冰机：能源效率和需求响应的潜力
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Karas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Fisher;D. Cowen;A. Karas
制冰机在商业食品服务中无处不在。从立方体到金块和薄片类型的机器，安装基础代表着最大的食品服务设备库存之一。对8家餐馆的制冰机进行的实地研究证实，制冰量(即压缩机运行)总是与公用设施高峰期一致。测量的占空比，结合实际的电力负荷分布，表明除了通过使用更高效的机器来节省能源外，还具有非高峰运行的潜力。进行了第二项现场研究，将较老的非能源STAR®制冰机改装成符合能源之星®标准的设备。据记录，能源消耗大幅减少(34%)。此外，在公用事业高峰期(即中午12时至下午6时)，新机器的运作完全“封闭”，对食肆的运作并无影响。由于隔热储冰箱的固有性质，当机器不实际制冰时，不会使用任何能量。如果现有的制冰机有足够的生产和储存能力来满足下午的冰需求，完全的负载转移是一个可行的策略。如果没有足够的容量在整个高峰期内持续转移负荷，那么在关键高峰日可以选择某种形式的自动化需求响应。将现有的制冰机改装成尺寸更大的能源之星®合格制冰机，为将能效与“全天候”需求响应结合在一起提供了巨大的机会。
Ice making machines are ubiquitous in commercial foodservice. Ranging from cube, to nugget and flake-type machines, the installed base represents one of the largest inventories of foodservice equipment. A field study of ice machines in eight restaurants confirmed that the ice production (i.e., compressor operation) was always coincident with utility peak periods. The measured duty cycles, combined with the actual electric load profiles, demonstrated the potential for off-peak operation in addition to energy saving by using more efficient machines. A second field study was undertaken to retrofit an older non– ENERGY STAR ® ice machine with an ENERGY STAR ® qualified unit. A dramatic (34%) reduction in energy use was documented. Furthermore, the operation of the new machine was completely "locked out" during the utility peak period (i.e., 12 noon to 6 pm) with no impact on the foodservice operation. Because of the intrinsic nature of the insulated ice storage bin, there is no energy used when the machine is not actually making ice. If an existing ice machine has sufficient production and storage capacity to meet the afternoon ice requirement, complete load shifting is a viable strategy. If there is not enough capacity for sustained load shifting over the entire peak period, then some form of automated demand response may be an option for the critical-peak days. Retrofitting existing machines with up-sized ENERGY STAR ® qualified ice machines provides a tremendous opportunity for combining energy efficiency with "full-time" demand response.