Application of Optogenetics for Muscle Cells and Stem Cells
Application of Optogenetics for Muscle Cells and Stem Cells
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DOI：
10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_23
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yawo, Hiromu
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作者：
Asano, Toshifumi;Teh, Daniel Boon Loong;Yawo, Hiromu
本章描述了目前的基础研究进展，以及潜在的治疗应用，主要集中在利用微生物视紫红质作为光敏分子对肌肉细胞和神经干细胞进行光学操纵。由于骨骼肌、心肌和平滑肌细胞的收缩主要通过其膜电位进行调节，一些研究已经证明，通过确定刺激模式和强度的光致动器或沉默器，可以直接或间接地上调或下调肌肉收缩。膜电位的光依赖性振荡也促进了肌细胞的成熟和T小管和肌节结构的发育，最小收缩单元的串联阵列由收缩蛋白和细胞骨架蛋白组成。光遗传学已被应用于各种干细胞和多能/多能细胞，如胚胎干细胞（ESCs）和诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs），以产生光敏神经元和促进神经科学。慢性光刺激通道视紫红质表达的神经干细胞促进其神经分化。光遗传学在心脏起搏、肌肉再生/维持、运动恢复以及肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）等运动神经元疾病引起的肌肉瘫痪等方面有潜在的治疗应用。光遗传学还可以促进移植神经元的成熟和网络整合，并改善干细胞周围的微环境。
This chapter describes the current progress of basic research, and potential therapeutic applications primarily focused on the optical manipulation of muscle cells and neural stem cells using microbial rhodopsin as a light-sensitive molecule. Since the contractions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells are mainly regulated through their membrane potential, several studies have been demonstrated to up- or downregulate the muscle contraction directly or indirectly using optogenetic actuators or silencers with defined stimulation patterns and intensities. Light-dependent oscillation of membrane potential also facilitates the maturation of myocytes with the development of T tubules and sarcomere structures, tandem arrays of minimum contractile units consists of contractile proteins and cytoskeletal proteins. Optogenetics has been applied to various stem cells and multipotent/pluripotent cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate light-sensitive neurons and to facilitate neuroscience. The chronic optical stimulation of the channelrhodopsin-expressing neural stem cells facilitates their neural differentiation. There are potential therapeutic applications of optogenetics in cardiac pacemaking, muscle regeneration/maintenance, locomotion recovery for the treatment of muscle paralysis due to motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Optogenetics would also facilitate maturation, network integration of grafted neurons, and improve the microenvironment around them when applied to stem cells.