The Role of Discourse-Level Expectations in Non-Native Speakers' Referential Choices
The Role of Discourse-Level Expectations in Non-Native Speakers' Referential Choices
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
Theres Grüter;H. Rohde;A. Schafer
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作者：
Theres Grüter;H. Rohde;A. Schafer
期待是母语加工中的一种重要机制。听众--儿童和成人--使用各种来源的信息来对接下来可能发生的事情产生预期。最近的各种研究通过测量受试者的参考期望来探讨预期效应，即，他们猜测说话者接下来会提到谁或什么。这项工作已经发现了证据，证明使用者对诸如动词的词汇语义等线索很敏感，这可以在当前或下一个句子中产生对即将到来的所指对象的预期（Altmann & Kamide，1999; Pyykkönen & Järvikivi，2010）。类似地，有证据表明，限定词对限定词的形态句法属性很敏感，限定词限制了后面可能的名词（Dahan等人，2000; DeLong等人，2005; Lew-Williams & Fernald，2007）。像这样的期望不仅是母语成年人语言处理的特征，而且也是儿童的特征（Borovsky等人，2012年）。因此，通过产生预期来缩小潜在无限范围的即将到来的信息的能力可能是解释我们如何以通常的速度和成功处理语言的关键因素，至少在我们的母语中。* 然而，并不是所有人群的所有情况下都使用期望。最近的研究表明，老年人的期望产生下降（Federmeier等人，2002），这表明“预测处理可能不是最好的-甚至是可行的-策略，所有个人在所有阶段的生命和/或在所有的处理情况“（Federmeier，2007年，第495页）。这是因为预测性处理伴随着失败的风险，也就是说，建立的期望没有实现的可能性。在这种情况下，处理器将必须迅速和灵活地作出反应，它将需要足够的资源来这样做，并仍然跟上信息的不断流动。这可能并不总是可能的，因为对于工作记忆能力较低的老年人（Federmeier等人，2002年）。非母语人士可能是另一个这样的情况下，最近的工作点，在他们的期望驱动的处理在和莫妮卡维达尔与数据收集和注释的援助的限制。
Expectation is a powerful mechanism in native-language processing. Listeners – child and adult – use information from various sources to create expectations about what is likely to come next. A variety of recent studies have probed anticipatory effects by measuring comprehenders' referential expectations, i.e., their guess about who or what the speaker will mention next. That work has found evidence that comprehenders are sensitive to cues such as the lexical semantics of a verb, which can create expectations regarding an upcoming referent in the current or next sentence (Altmann & Kamide, 1999; Pyykkönen & Järvikivi, 2010). Similarly, there is evidence that comprehenders are sensitive to the morphosyntactic properties of determiners which restrict the possible nouns to follow (Dahan et al., 2000; DeLong et al., 2005; Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2007). Expectations like these are not only characteristic of language processing in native speaking adults, but also in children (Borovsky et al., 2012). It thus appears that the ability to narrow down the potentially infinite range of upcoming information through the generation of expectations is likely to be a critical factor in explaining how we process language at the speed and with the success we typically do, at least in our native language. * The use of expectations, however, is not present in all contexts across all populations. Recent work indicates a decline in expectation generation in older adults (Federmeier et al., 2002), suggesting that " predictive processing may not be the best – or even a viable – strategy for all individuals at all phases of the lifespan and/or in all processing situations " (Federmeier, 2007, p. 495). This is because predictive processing comes with the risk of failure, that is, the possibility that built-up expectations are not fulfilled. In such cases, the processor will have to react swiftly and flexibly, and it will require sufficient resources to do so and still keep up with the ongoing flow of information. This may not always be possible, as for older adults with lower working memory capacities (Federmeier et al., 2002). Non-native speakers may be another such case; recent work points to limits in their expectation-driven processing at and Mónica Vidal for assistance with data collection and annotation.