Chavin de Huantar and Its Sphere of Influence
Chavin de Huantar and Its Sphere of Influence
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DOI：
10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_35
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Burger, Richard L.
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作者：
Burger, Richard L.
Chavín de Huántar是秘鲁北部高地的一个考古遗址，长期以来一直被认为是前西班牙安第斯山脉最重要的中心之一。这种认识早于科学考古学在秘鲁的开始。1553年，西班牙士兵、观察力敏锐的编年史家佩德罗·谢萨（Pedro Cieza）德莱昂（de Leon）报告说，沙文德万塔尔（Chavín de Huántar）的大型建筑是由一个巨人种族在印加征服之前很久建造的，他们的石头肖像仍然可以在现场看到。当利马大主教在1593年访问该网站时，他将Chavin描述为一个古老的堡垒。1616年，作家瓦斯奎兹·德·埃斯皮诺萨（Vasquez de Espinoza）给出了一个更精明的评价："这是一个huaca或避难所，是最著名的外邦人之一，就像我们中间的罗马或耶路撒冷一样;一个印第安人来献祭和牺牲的地方，因为这个地方的恶魔向他们宣布了许多神谕，所以他们从整个王国参加。（Vasquez de Espinoza 1948 [1616]：1619年，耶稣会使命到卡哈坦博，当地居民将Chavín de Huántar的主要建筑描述为"这是一座非常令人敬畏和崇敬的建筑，他们称之为华卡斯之家.他们（华卡斯人）说话并回答他们的孩子，[他们]与这片土地上今天存在的印第安人血统的首领交谈"（Duviols 1973）。
Chavín de Huántar, an archaeological site in the Peruvian north highlands, has long been recognized as one of the most important centers of the pre-Hispanic Andes. This understanding predates the beginning of scientific archaeology in Peru. In 1553 Pedro Cieza de Leon, a Spanish soldier and keenly observant chronicler, reported that the massive constructions at Chavín de Huántar had been built by a race of giants long before the Inca conquest and that their portraits in stone could still be seen at the site. When the Archbishop of Lima visited the site in 1593 he described Chavin as an ancient fortress. In 1616 the writer Vasquez de Espinoza offered a more astute assessment: “It was a huaca or sanctuary, one of the most famous of the gentiles, like Rome or Jerusalem among us; a place where the Indians came to make offerings and sacrifices, because the demon in this place declared many oracles to them, and so they attended from throughout the kingdom” (Vasquez de Espinoza 1948 [1616]: 458).The reputation of this long-abandoned archaeological complex as a center of great spiritual power and oracular authority was reiterated in 1619 by a Jesuit mission to Cajatambo when the local residents described Chavín de Huántar’s main construction as “a building that is very feared and greatly venerated and they call it the house of the huacas … and they [the huacas] spoke and answered the men [who were] their children, and [they spoke] to the heads of lineages that exist today among the Indians of this land” (Duviols 1973).