The psychology of ongoing threat - Relative risk appraisal, the September 11 attacks, and terrorism-related fears
The psychology of ongoing threat - Relative risk appraisal, the September 11 attacks, and terrorism-related fears
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DOI：
10.1037/0003-066x.62.4.304
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发表时间：
2007-05-01
影响因子：
16.4
通讯作者：
Neria, Yuval
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marshall, Randall D.;Bryant, Richard A.;Neria, Yuval
现在有重复的研究结果表明，创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状与2001年9月11日的袭击有关，发生在大量不符合传统创伤事件定义的人身上。这些数据不能用传统的流行病学“靶心”灾难模型来解释，传统的流行病学“靶心”灾难模型假设心理影响是狭隘的，地理上的限制，或现有的PTSD发病模型。在这篇文章中，作者开发了一个可研究的模型来解释这些和其他恐怖主义相关的现象，综合研究和概念，从认知科学，风险评估，创伤性应激障碍和焦虑症的文献。他们提出了新的术语相对风险评估来捕捉心理功能，这是迄今为止这些和其他恐怖主义相关研究中事件和主观反应之间缺失的环节。相对风险评估强调了认知科学的核心概念，即人类感知是一个积极的、多维度的过程，对于不可预测的社会威胁，事件的接近程度只是影响行为反应的几个因素之一。有效处理相对风险评估中的扭曲现象，可以减少个人和社会易受恐怖主义袭击造成的一系列不利经济和族裔政治后果影响的程度。作者提出了这些概念和相关技术可以帮助治疗与9月11日或恐怖主义有关的痛苦或精神病理学的人的方法。
There are now replicated findings that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the September 11, 2001, attacks occurred in large numbers of persons who did not fit the traditional definition of exposure to a traumatic event. These data are not explained by traditional epidemiologic "bull's eye" disaster models, which assume the psychological effects are narrowly, geographically circumscribed, or by existing models of PTSD onset. In this article, the authors develop a researchable model to explain these and other terrorism-related phenomena by synthesizing research and concepts from the cognitive science, risk appraisal, traumatic stress, and anxiety disorders literatures. They propose the new term relative risk appraisal to capture the psychological function that is the missing link between the event and subjective response in these and other terrorism-related studies to date. Relative risk appraisal highlights the core notion from cognitive science that human perception is an active, multidimensional process, such that for unpredictable societal threats, proximity to the event is only one of several factors that influence behavioral responses. Addressing distortions in relative risk appraisal effectively could reduce individual and societal vulnerability to a wide range of adverse economic and ethnopolitical consequences to terrorist attacks. The authors present ways in which these concepts and related techniques can be helpful in treating persons with September 11- or terrorism-related distress or psychopathology.