Simulation of Neighborhood‐Scale Air Quality With Two‐Way Coupled WRF‐CMAQ Over Southern Lake Michigan‐Chicago Region
Simulation of Neighborhood‐Scale Air Quality With Two‐Way Coupled WRF‐CMAQ Over Southern Lake Michigan‐Chicago Region
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DOI：
10.1029/2022jd037942
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发表时间：
2023-03
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通讯作者：
Anastasia Montgomery;J. Schnell;Z. Adelman;M. Janssen;D. Horton
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作者：
Anastasia Montgomery;J. Schnell;Z. Adelman;M. Janssen;D. Horton
美国密歇根湖南部地区是芝加哥、密尔沃基和其他人口稠密的中西部城市的所在地，经常出现高污染事件，暴露和健康负担分布不均。使用双向耦合的天气研究预报和社区多尺度空气质量模型（WRF‐CMAQ），我们调查了标准污染物在密歇根湖南部域使用1.3和4公里分辨率的后报模拟。我们使用国家气候数据中心和环境保护局空气质量系统的数据评估WRF‐CMAQ的性能。我们的1.3公里模拟略微改善了4公里模拟的气象和化学性能，同时还解决了高暴露和影响区域（即城市环境）的关键细节。在1.3公里处，我们发现WRF-CMAQ的大多数空气质量相关气象要素都达到或超过社区基准。WRF‐CMAQ的化学性能也基本符合社区标准，但根据性能指标和评估的成分有很大的细微差别。例如，每小时模拟的NO2和O3与观测值高度相关（r > 0.6），而PM2.5则不太相关（r = 0.4）。同样，每小时模拟的NO2和PM2.5具有低偏差（30%）。模拟的污染物空间格局显示出明显的城乡足迹，城市NO2和PM2.5比农村高20%-60%，城市O3比农村低6%。我们使用我们的1.3公里模拟来解决单个城市社区内的高污染区域，并在紧密的空间梯度上表征O3状况的季节性变化。我们的研究结果证明了高分辨率模拟的好处和局限性，特别是在城市环境中。
The southern Lake Michigan region of the United States, home to Chicago, Milwaukee, and other densely populated Midwestern cities, frequently experiences high pollutant episodes with unevenly distributed exposure and health burdens. Using the two‐way coupled Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (WRF‐CMAQ), we investigate criteria pollutants over a southern Lake Michigan domain using 1.3 and 4 km resolution hindcast simulations. We assess WRF‐CMAQ's performance using data from the National Climatic Data Center and Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System. Our 1.3 km simulation slightly improves on the 4 km simulation's meteorological and chemical performance while also resolving key details in areas of high exposure and impact, that is, urban environments. At 1.3 km, we find that most air quality‐relevant meteorological components of WRF‐CMAQ perform at or above community benchmarks. WRF‐CMAQ's chemical performance also largely meets community standards, with substantial nuance depending on the performance metric and component assessed. For example, hourly simulated NO2 and O3 are highly correlated with observations (r > 0.6) while PM2.5 is less so (r = 0.4). Similarly, hourly simulated NO2 and PM2.5 have low biases (30%). Simulated spatial pollutant patterns show distinct urban‐rural footprints, with urban NO2 and PM2.5 20%–60% higher than rural, and urban O3 6% lower. We use our 1.3 km simulations to resolve high‐pollution areas within individual urban neighborhoods and characterize seasonal changes in O3 regimes across tight spatial gradients. Our findings demonstrate both the benefits and limitations of high‐resolution simulations, particularly over urban settings.