Phylogeography of a living fossil:: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion
Phylogeography of a living fossil:: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.003
复制
发表时间：
2008-09-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Koch, Marcus A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gong, Wei;Chen, Chuan;Koch, Marcus A.
银杏叶是最著名的活化石之一，因此受到广泛研究。银杏科被认为起源于大约 280 mya 的二叠纪早期，在其全球辐射的鼎盛时期，由至少 16 个属组成，分布在温带森林中。然而，中国的银杏是该属中唯一存活至今的物种。我们使用系统发育地理学方法分析了这一遗迹的历史。银杏原产于中国，不到 300 年前就被人类分布到世界所有温带地区。除了人类的影响之外，与许多其他全球植物物种类似，中国本土的银杏种群也受到更新世冰川作用和消融周期的影响。我们使用来自核（AFLP）和质体基因组（trnK 内含子、trnS-trnG 基因间间隔区）的分子标记，并根据这些数据，分别建议了中国西南和东部两个保护区内银杏种群的冰川生存。具体来说，这项研究首次提供了中国东部西天目山避难区存在的证据。我们不能支持从这些避难区进行任何冰河后范围的大规模扩张。此外，AFLP 数据表明中国西南、东部和中部人群之间存在显着的遗传差异。我们还假设，这一证据支持银杏作为一种长寿的雌雄异体植物，表现出高水平的种群内遗传多样性，这种多样性在大多数种群中都得到了维持，无论它们是原生林还是重新造林林。此外，我们提供的证据表明，来自欧洲、日本、韩国和美国的种植树木是从中国东部多次引进的。 (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Ginkgo biloba is one of the most famous and therefore intensively studied living fossils. The Ginkgoaceae was suggested to have originated in the early Permian approximately 280 mya, and at the height of their worldwide radiation consisted of least 16 genera that were distributed in temperate forests. However, China's G. biloba is the only species of this genus which has survived until today. Using a phylogeographical approach we analyzed the history of this remnant from the past. G. biloba is native to China and has been distributed less than 300 years ago by humans throughout all temperate regions of the world. Separate from this human influence, native Chinese populations of G. biloba have been affected by the cycles of glaciation and deglaciation of the Pleistocene era, similar to many other global plant species. We used molecular markers from the nuclear (AFLPs) and plastid genomes (trnK intron, trnS-trnG intergenic spacer), and based on these data, glacial survival of Gingko populations within two refugia in Southwestern and Eastern China, respectively, is suggested. Specifically, for the first time, this study provides evidence of the existence of a refuge area in Eastern China on the West Tianmu Mountains. We can not support any extensive postglacial range expansion from these refuge areas. Furthermore, AFLP data indicate substantial genetic differentiation among populations from Southwestern, Eastern and Central China. We also hypothesize that this evidence supports that as a long-lived dioecious plant, G. biloba displays high levels of intra-populational genetic diversity that have been maintained in most populations, regardless if they are native or reforested stands. Furthermore, we provide evidence that planted trees from Europe, Japan, Korea and America were introduced multiple times from Eastern China. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.