On the interpretation and observation of laws

On the interpretation and observation of laws
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论法律的解释和遵守

DOI:
10.1016/0304-4076(88)90039-5
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发表时间:
1988
影响因子:
6.3
通讯作者:
Robert Schlaifer
Robert Schlaifer
中科院分区:
经济学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
J. Pratt;Robert Schlaifer

文献摘要

被引文献

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具有因素 x 和伴随因素 z 的定律指定了给定的潜在值 Y x 的分布,该分布是为每个 x 定义的,无论是否被观察到。当且仅当给定 z,观察到的 x 独立于 Yx 或等效地,独立于排除变量 Ux 对 Yx 的联合效应时,观察到的 Y 给定 x 和 z 的分布符合该定律。要在非实验数据中建立这种独立性,需要彻底探索伴随因素、因果因素和非因果因素的影响;R2 和 Fare 无关。我们展示了无模型理论如何应用于线性模型、时间序列和联立方程,并指出其贝叶斯含义。
A law with factorsxand concomitantszspecifies a distribution givenzof a potential valueYxthat is defined for eachxwhether or not it is observed. An observed distribution ofYgivenxandzagrees with the law if and only if, givenz, the observedxis independent ofYxor, equivalently, of the joint effect ofUxof excluded variables onYx. To establish such independence in non-experimental data requires exhaustive exploration of the effects of concomitants, causal and non-causal;R2andFare irrelevant. We show how the model-free theory applies to linear models, time series, and simultaneous equations, and point out its Bayesian implications.