Developing a Large-Scale Cryogenic System for the Simultaneous Operation of Three Detector Focal Planes in TolTEC, A New Multichroic Imaging Polarimeter

Developing a Large-Scale Cryogenic System for the Simultaneous Operation of Three Detector Focal Planes in TolTEC, A New Multichroic Imaging Polarimeter
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开发用于同时操作 TolTEC(一种新型多色成像旋光计)中三个探测器焦平面的大型低温系统

DOI:
10.1007/s10909-019-02319-y
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
2
通讯作者:
Contente, R.
Contente, R.
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
DeNigris, N. S.;Wilson, G. W.;Eiben, M. E.;Lunde, E.;Mauskopf, P.;Contente, R.

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TolTEC是一种即将推出的毫米波成像偏振计,旨在填充50米直径的大型毫米波望远镜(LMT)的焦平面。与LMT相结合,TolTEC将在三个波长波段(1.1,1.4和2.0 mm)提供高角分辨率(5-10)的同步偏振敏感观测。此外,TolTEC的测绘速度将大于,从而能够对大尺度结构、星系演化和星星形成进行更广泛的调查。这些改进只有通过集成大约7000个低噪声、高响应率的超导集总元件动态电感探测器才有可能实现。利用三个焦平面的探测器阵列需要设计,制造和表征一个独特的,大规模的低温系统。基于热模型和预期的光子负载,焦平面必须具有低于150 mK的基本操作温度。为了达到这个基础温度,TolTEC利用两个低温制冷机,一个Cryomech脉冲管制冷机和一个Oxford Instruments稀释制冷机,建立四个热级:45 K,4 K,1 K和100 mK。在设计阶段,我们开发了一个面向对象的Python代码来模拟每个阶段的热负荷以及整个系统的热梯度。该模型使我们能够改善系统中的热梯度,并在结束冷却之前定位导热性差的区域。沿着将介绍我们的模型与冷却测量结果,并详细介绍TolTEC的低温系统。我们预计TolTEC将于2020年春季在LMT投入使用。
TolTEC is an upcoming millimeter-wave imaging polarimeter designed to fill the focal plane of the 50-m-diameter Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). Combined with the LMT, TolTEC will offer high-angular-resolution (5–10) simultaneous, polarization-sensitive observations in three wavelength bands: 1.1, 1.4, and 2.0 mm. Additionally, TolTEC will feature mapping speeds greater than, thus enabling wider surveys of large-scale structure, galaxy evolution, and star formation. These improvements are only possible through the integration of approximately 7000 low-noise, high-responsivity superconducting Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors. Utilizing three focal planes of detector arrays requires the design, fabrication, and characterization of a unique, large-scale cryogenic system. Based on thermal models and expected photon loading, the focal planes must have a base operational temperature below 150 mK. To achieve this base temperature, TolTEC utilizes two cryocoolers, a Cryomech pulse tube cooler and an Oxford Instruments dilution refrigerator, to establish four thermal stages: 45 K, 4 K, 1 K, and 100 mK. During the design phase, we developed an object-oriented Python code to model the heat loading on each stage as well as the thermal gradients throughout the system. This model has allowed us to improve thermal gradients in the system as well as locate areas of poor thermal conductivity prior to ending a cooldown. The results of our model versus measurements from our cooldowns will be presented along with a detailed overview of TolTEC’s cryogenic system. We anticipate TolTEC to be commissioned at the LMT by Spring 2020.
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