Sea Ice Distribution and Ice Use by Indigenous Walrus Hunters on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
Sea Ice Distribution and Ice Use by Indigenous Walrus Hunters on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
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阿拉斯加圣劳伦斯岛的海冰分布和本土海象猎人的冰使用
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Martin D. Robards
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作者：
M. Kapsch;H. Eicken;Martin D. Robards
研究人员根据 1979 年至 2008 年期间的天气和海冰条件，对来自萨文加 (Sivungaq) 和甘贝尔 (Sivuqaq) 的圣劳伦斯岛海象猎人的狩猎成功率进行了研究。卫星遥感数据，包括来自被动微波辐射计数据的冰浓度场，已在整个时间序列中与来自两个社区级监测项目的海象收获数据一起进行了检查。帮助解释这些数据集的重要信息是由猎人自己提供的，特别是通过来自甘贝尔的 L. Apangalook, Sr. 的冰况和冰使用日志。根据这些数据，我们确定了哪些冰况（浓度 >0 和 6 公里）为海象狩猎提供了最有利的条件。研究表明，在地方层面上，尽管不一定在整个区域范围内，海冰浓度异常可以很好地预测有利狩猎日的数量。除 2007 年（以及较小程度上的 2008 年）外，负异常（冰减少或冰退缩较早开始）与更有利（萨文加）或接近平均（甘贝尔）的狩猎条件同时发生，这主要是通过接触与冰有关的海象来控制的。萨文加和甘贝尔之间的冰通道和时间变化存在显着差异；与阿拉斯加北部社区相比，圣劳伦斯猎人能够在最近创纪录的 2007 年和 2008 年低冰年中保持典型的收获成功水平。我们讨论了此处收集的数据的潜在价值，以评估北极社区依赖于海洋哺乳动物收获对气候变率和变化的脆弱性和适应能力。
The hunting success of St. Lawrence Island walrus hunters from Savoonga (Sivungaq) and Gambell (Sivuqaq) is studied in relation to weather and sea ice conditions for the period 1979–2008. Satellite remote-sensing data, including ice concentration fields from passive-microwave radiometer data, have been examined over the entire time series in conjunction with walrus harvest data from two community-level monitoring programs. Important information to aid with interpretation of these data sets was provided by the hunters themselves, in particular through a log of ice conditions and ice use by L. Apangalook, Sr., of Gambell. From these data, we determined which ice conditions (concentrations >0 and 6 km) provide the most favorable conditions for the walrus hunt. The research demonstrated that at the local level, though not necessarily at the region-wide scale, the sea ice concentration anomaly is a very good predictor of the number of favorable hunting days. With the exception of 2007 (and to a lesser extent, 2008), negative anomalies (less ice or earlier onset of ice retreat) coincided with more favorable (Savoonga) or near-average (Gambell) hunting conditions, controlled mostly by access to ice-associated walrus. Ice access and temporal variability differ significantly between Savoonga and Gambell; in contrast with northern Alaska communities, St. Lawrence hunters were able to maintain typical levels of harvest success during the recent record – low ice years of 2007 and 2008. We discuss the potential value of data such as assembled here in assessing vulnerability and adaptation of Arctic communities depending on marine-mammal harvests to climate variability and change.