Entanglement spectra of stabilizer codes: A window into gapped quantum phases of matter

Entanglement spectra of stabilizer codes: A window into gapped quantum phases of matter
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稳定器代码的纠缠光谱:了解物质有隙量子相的窗口

DOI:
10.1103/physrevb.99.205109
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Abhinav Prem
Abhinav Prem
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
A. Schmitz;Sheng;Abhinav Prem

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纠缠光谱(ES)提供了量子纠缠的晴雨表,并编码超出纠缠熵所包含的物理信息。在本文中,我们探讨了稳定器代码的ES,该稳定器代码为大量物质的大量量子阶段提供了准确的可解决模型。因此,在存在任意弱的局部扰动的情况下研究稳定器的Hamiltonians的ES,使我们能够开发一个通用框架,在该框架中可以计算和对比,在该框架中,可以在其中计算和对比。特别是,我们研究了具有I型和II型分裂顺序的模型,并将结果ES与常规拓扑顺序和(强)子系统对称性受保护的拓扑(SSPT)状态进行比较。我们发现非本地表面稳定剂(NLSS)是在纠缠切割边界上形成的汉密尔顿的一组对称性,充当纠缠频谱中出现的通用非局部特征的供应商。在常规的拓扑顺序和法族人顺序中,NLSS在纠缠剪切,子系统对称系统的拓扑形式中保留了一种拓扑不变性形式--- Fracton和SSPT阶段 - 另外显示了非平凡的几何学依赖于纠缠剪切,对应于子系统对称性。这进一步阐明了物质的几何效应和拓扑效应之间的相互作用,并证明了强大的SSPT阶段具有超出常规SPT阶段所遇到的准分子纠缠的量度。我们进一步表明,较早的二维拓扑阶段建立的边缘 - 输入对应关系的版本也适用于间隙的三维分形码模型。
The entanglement spectrum (ES) provides a barometer of quantum entanglement and encodes physical information beyond that contained in the entanglement entropy. In this paper, we explore the ES of stabilizer codes, which furnish exactly solvable models for a plethora of gapped quantum phases of matter. Studying the ES for stabilizer Hamiltonians in the presence of arbitrary weak local perturbations thus allows us to develop a general framework within which the entanglement features of gapped topological phases can be computed and contrasted. In particular, we study models harboring fracton order, both type-I and type-II, and compare the resulting ES with that of both conventional topological order and of (strong) subsystem symmetry protected topological (SSPT) states. We find that non-local surface stabilizers (NLSS), a set of symmetries of the Hamiltonian which form on the boundary of the entanglement cut, act as purveyors of universal non-local features appearing in the entanglement spectrum. While in conventional topological orders and fracton orders, the NLSS retain a form of topological invariance with respect to the entanglement cut, subsystem symmetric systems---fracton and SSPT phases---additionally show a non-trivial geometric dependence on the entanglement cut, corresponding to the subsystem symmetry. This sheds further light on the interplay between geometric and topological effects in fracton phases of matter and demonstrates that strong SSPT phases harbour a measure of quasi-local entanglement beyond that encountered in conventional SPT phases. We further show that a version of the edge-entanglement correspondence, established earlier for gapped two-dimensional topological phases, also holds for gapped three-dimensional fracton models.
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