The material footprint of nations
The material footprint of nations
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1220362110
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发表时间：
2015-05-19
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Kanemoto, Keiichiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wiedmann, Thomas O.;Schandl, Heinz;Kanemoto, Keiichiro
各国政府目前使用的资源生产率衡量标准表明，一些发达国家增加使用自然资源的速度慢于经济增长(相对脱钩)，甚至设法随着时间的推移使用更少的资源(绝对脱钩)。使用基于消费的资源使用指标材料足迹(MF)，我们发现恰恰相反：发达经济体在脱钩方面取得的成就比报道的要小，甚至根本不存在。我们提供了186个国家的货币流动的时间序列分析，并以前所未有的特殊性确定了与全球生产和消费网络相关的物质流动。通过计算国际贸易的原材料当量，我们证明，各国对非国内资源的使用平均大约是贸易商品实物数量的三倍。随着财富的增长，各国倾向于通过国际贸易减少其国内部分的材料开采，而材料消费的总体质量通常会增加。国内生产总值每增长10%，国民生产总值平均增长6%。我们的研究结果质疑在政策制定中单独使用当前资源生产率指标的做法，并表明有必要进一步注重自然资源使用的基于消费的核算。
Metrics on resource productivity currently used by governments suggest that some developed countries have increased the use of natural resources at a slower rate than economic growth (relative decoupling) or have even managed to use fewer resources over time (absolute decoupling). Using the material footprint (MF), a consumption-based indicator of resource use, we find the contrary: Achievements in decoupling in advanced economies are smaller than reported or even nonexistent. We present a time series analysis of the MF of 186 countries and identify material flows associated with global production and consumption networks in unprecedented specificity. By calculating raw material equivalents of international trade, we demonstrate that countries' use of nondomestic resources is, on average, about threefold larger than the physical quantity of traded goods. As wealth grows, countries tend to reduce their domestic portion of materials extraction through international trade, whereas the overall mass of material consumption generally increases. With every 10% increase in gross domestic product, the average national MF increases by 6%. Our findings call into question the sole use of current resource productivity indicators in policy making and suggest the necessity of an additional focus on consumption-based accounting for natural resource use.