Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2
Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2
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DOI：
10.3945/jn.116.244749
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Fraser, Gary E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kahleova, Hana;Lloren, Jan Irene;Fraser, Gary E.
背景：缺乏关于最佳用餐次数、时间和大小的科学证据。目的：我们在Adventist Health Study 2 （AHS-2）中研究了进餐频率和时间与体重指数（BMI）变化之间的关系，这是一个相对健康的北美队列。方法：分析使用了美国和加拿大基督复临安息日会（Seventh-day Adventist） 50,660名年龄在bb0 = 30岁的成年成员的数据（平均+/- SD随访：7.42 +/- 1.23 y）。每天用餐的次数、过夜禁食的时间、早餐的摄入量和最大一餐的时间是暴露变量。主要结果是每年BMI的变化。线性回归分析（以基线BMI分层）调整了重要的人口统计学和生活方式因素。结果：与每天吃3顿饭的受试者相比，每天吃1或2顿饭的受试者每年BMI（以kg中心点m（-2）中心点y（-1）为单位）（-0.035;95% CI: -0.065, -0.004和-0.029;95% CI: -0.041, -0.017）降低。另一方面，每天吃30顿饭（零食）与BMI的相对增加有关（P < 0.001）。与之相对应的是，长时间夜间禁食（>= 18 h）的受试者BMI较中等夜间禁食（12-17 h）的受试者降低（P < 0.001）。与不吃早餐的人相比，吃早餐的人体重指数（-0.029;95% CI: -0.047, -0.012; P < 0.001）下降。与晚餐吃得最多的受试者相比，早餐吃得最多的受试者的BMI显著下降（-0.038;95% CI: -0.048, -0.028），而午餐吃得最多的受试者的BMI下降幅度较小，但仍然显著。结论：我们的研究结果表明，在相对健康的成年人中，少吃、不吃零食、吃早餐和在早上吃最大的一餐可能是预防长期体重增加的有效方法。早餐和午餐分开吃5-6小时，夜间禁食持续18-19小时可能是一个有用的实用策略。
Background: Scientific evidence for the optimal number, timing, and size of meals is lacking.Objective: We investigated the relation between meal frequency and timing and changes in body mass index (BMI) in the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2), a relatively healthy North American cohort.Methods: The analysis used data from 50,660 adult members aged >= 30 y of Seventh-day Adventist churches in the United States and Canada (mean +/- SD follow-up: 7.42 +/- 1.23 y). The number of meals per day, length of overnight fast, consumption of breakfast, and timing of the largest meal were exposure variables. The primary outcome was change in BMI per year. Linear regression analyses (stratified on baseline BMI) were adjusted for important demographic and lifestyle factors.Results: Subjects who ate 1 or 2 meals/d had a reduction in BMI per year (in kg center dot m(-2) center dot y(-1)) (-0.035; 95% CI: -0.065, -0.004 and -0.029; 95% CI: -0.041, -0.017, respectively) compared with those who ate 3 meals/d. On the other hand, eating >3 meals/d (snacking) was associated with a relative increase in BMI (P < 0.001). Correspondingly, the BMI of subjects who had a long overnight fast (>= 18 h) decreased compared with those who had a mediumovernight fast (12-17 h) (P < 0.001). Breakfast eaters (-0.029; 95% CI: -0.047, -0.012; P < 0.001) experienced a decreased BMI compared with breakfast skippers. Relative to subjects who ate their largest meal at dinner, those who consumed breakfast as the largest meal experienced a significant decrease in BMI (-0.038; 95% CI: -0.048, -0.028), and those who consumed a big lunch experienced a smaller but still significant decrease in BMI than did those who ate their largest meal at dinner.Conclusions: Our results suggest that in relatively healthy adults, eating less frequently, no snacking, consuming breakfast, and eating the largest meal in the morning may be effective methods for preventing long-term weight gain. Eating breakfast and lunch 5-6 h apart and making the overnight fast last 18-19 h may be a useful practical strategy.