Effect of winter cold duration on spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines.
Effect of winter cold duration on spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines.
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DOI：
10.1002/ece3.1773
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Leimar O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stålhandske S;Lehmann P;Pruisscher P;Leimar O
春季温度对春季物候的影响在许多分类群中都得到了很好的理解。然而，关于冬季条件如何影响春季物候的研究还不多见。以前对花生米豆蔻(橙尖蝴蝶)的研究表明，与春季温度有关的春季发育的种群特定反应标准，以及冬季持续时间较长的冬季后发育的加速。在本实验中，我们研究了更大的和生态相关的越冬时间范围对来自英国和瑞典的两个种群的豆蔻夜蛾越冬后蛹发育的影响。通过分析蛹的失重和代谢率，我们能够将越冬后蛹的整体发育分为滞育期和滞育期后的发育。我们发现，打破滞育所需的寒冷持续时间在不同种群之间存在差异，英国南部种群需要的持续时间比其他种群短。通过对滞育历期和滞育后发育时间的综合影响，我们还发现，越冬后总的蛹发育时间与寒冷持续时间呈负相关。较长的冷期也会导致孵化的种群同步性较高。在目前田间越冬期间，由于冬季较短，英国南部的豆蔻种群发育速度可能会减慢，羽化同步性也会降低。随着未来的气候变化，这可能也会成为其他人口的问题。这四个种群在田间冬季条件的差异足够大，足以促使当地适应控制春季物候的特征，以响应冬季持续时间。观察到的这些种群的物候期取决于冬季和春季温度的组合；因此，必须考虑两者才能准确预测物候期。
The effect of spring temperature on spring phenology is well understood in a wide range of taxa. However, studies on how winter conditions may affect spring phenology are underrepresented. Previous work on Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) has shown population‐specific reaction norms of spring development in relation to spring temperature and a speeding up of post‐winter development with longer winter durations. In this experiment, we examined the effects of a greater and ecologically relevant range of winter durations on post‐winter pupal development of A. cardamines of two populations from the United Kingdom and two from Sweden. By analyzing pupal weight loss and metabolic rate, we were able to separate the overall post‐winter pupal development into diapause duration and post‐diapause development. We found differences in the duration of cold needed to break diapause among populations, with the southern UK population requiring a shorter duration than the other populations. We also found that the overall post‐winter pupal development time, following removal from winter cold, was negatively related to cold duration, through a combined effect of cold duration on diapause duration and on post‐diapause development time. Longer cold durations also lead to higher population synchrony in hatching. For current winter durations in the field, the A. cardamines population of southern UK could have a reduced development rate and lower synchrony in emergence because of short winters. With future climate change, this might become an issue also for other populations. Differences in winter conditions in the field among these four populations are large enough to have driven local adaptation of characteristics controlling spring phenology in response to winter duration. The observed phenology of these populations depends on a combination of winter and spring temperatures; thus, both must be taken into account for accurate predictions of phenology.