Copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an update
Copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an update
复制标题
酿酒酵母中的铜代谢：更新
DOI：
10.1007/s10534-020-00264-y
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发表时间：
2020-10-30
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Li, Chenghua
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shi, Hua;Jiang, Yunhui;Li, Chenghua
铜是所有生命形式中必不可少的元素。它作为某些酶的辅因子，参与形成适当的蛋白质构象。然而，细胞中过量的铜离子是有害的，因为它们可以产生自由基或破坏蛋白质结构。因此，所有生命形式都进化出保守而精致的铜代谢系统来维持铜的稳态。酿酒酵母因其在铜代谢研究中的优势而被广泛应用。本文根据最新文献对啤酒酵母中铜代谢的机制进行了综述。简而言之，生物可利用的铜离子主要通过高亲和力转运蛋白Ctr 1和Ctr 3掺入酵母细胞。然后，细胞内Cu+离子通过不同的分子伴侣（包括Ccs 1，Atx 1和Cox 17）传递到不同的细胞器或铜蛋白。过量的铜离子与谷胱甘肽（GSH）、金属硫蛋白结合，铜络合物被隔离到液泡中以避免毒性。铜敏感转录因子Ace1和Mac1调节参与铜解毒和吸收/动员的基因的表达，以响应细胞内铜水平的变化。虽然最近在了解酵母的铜代谢方面取得了许多突破，但仍有一些问题尚未解决。彻底阐明酵母中铜代谢的机制有助于解码人类相应的系统，并了解铜相关疾病的发展。
Copper is an essential element in all forms of life. It acts as a cofactor of some enzymes and is involved in forming proper protein conformations. However, excess copper ions in cells are detrimental as they can generate free radicals or disrupt protein structures. Therefore, all life forms have evolved conserved and exquisite copper metabolic systems to maintain copper homeostasis. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used to investigate copper metabolism as it is convenient for this purpose. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae according to the latest literature. In brief, bioavailable copper ions are incorporated into yeast cells mainly via the high-affinity transporters Ctr1 and Ctr3. Then, intracellular Cu+ ions are delivered to different organelles or cuproproteins by different chaperones, including Ccs1, Atx1, and Cox17. Excess copper ions bind to glutathione (GSH), metallothioneins, and copper complexes are sequestered into vacuoles to avoid toxicity. Copper-sensing transcription factors Ace1 and Mac1 regulate the expression of genes involved in copper detoxification and uptake/mobilization in response to changes in intracellular copper levels. Though numerous recent breakthroughs in understanding yeast's copper metabolism have been achieved, some issues remain unresolved. Completely elucidating the mechanism of copper metabolism in yeast helps decode the corresponding system in humans and understand how copper-related diseases develop.