THE KYRGYZ SHEEP HERDERS AT A CROSSROADS
THE KYRGYZ SHEEP HERDERS AT A CROSSROADS
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处于十字路口的吉尔吉斯牧羊人
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. S. Veen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. S. Veen
本文简要叙述了吉尔吉斯共和国牧羊人面临的历史和现实挑战。最初，这些游牧民族采用水平和垂直的迁徙制度，但俄罗斯的征服和定居迫使这一制度转变为迁徙制度。后者虽然建立在一个集体制度中，但在整个共产主义时期或多或少都得到了维持。在此期间的其他重大变化包括从肥尾肉羊向细毛羊的转变以及对进口饲料的日益依赖。自1991年独立以来，在资源所有权、组织和饲料供应方面发生了巨大变化。这些变化导致了绵羊所有权的碎片化，绵羊数量减少了50%。虽然吉尔吉斯共和国正在进行土地改革，但有关牧场的情况仍然相当混乱。许多高山牧场是国有的，但后勤问题，加上全国羊群的收缩，导致它们的利用率越来越低。这导致了对低地牧场的过度利用，饲料补充剂(苏联解体后停止进口)的短缺加剧了这种情况。生产者价格很低，这可能与生产者的偏远地区、缺乏当地购买力和生产的羊毛质量低有关。目前尚不清楚绵羊生产系统未来是否会继续生产细毛，或者是否会恢复整个近东常见的肉类/粗毛生产系统。
This paper briefly narrates the historical and present challenges facing sheep herders in the Kyrgyz Republic. Originally these were nomads employing an horizontal and vertical migration system, but Russian conquest and settlement forced this to change to a system of transhumance. The latter, albeit structured in a collective system, was more or less maintained throughout the communist period. Other major changes during this period included the shift from fat tail meat sheep to fine wool sheep and the increasing dependence on imported feed. Independence since 1991 has caused drastic changes in resource ownership, organisation and feed supply. These changes have led to a fragmentation of sheep ownership and a 50% decline in sheep numbers. Although land reform in the Kyrgyz Republic is ongoing, the situation regarding rangeland is still rather confused. Many of the high mountain pastures are State owned, but logistical problems, together with the contraction of the national flock, have caused them to become decreasingly well used. This has led to the over-utilisation of lowland pastures, which has been aggravated by shortages in feed supplements (imports of which were halted after the break-up of the Soviet Union). Producer prices are low, and can be linked to the remote location of producers, a lack of local purchasing power and the low quality of wool produced. It is not yet clear whether the sheep production system will continue to produce fine wool in the future, or whether it will revert to the meat/coarse wool production system seen commonly throughout the Near East.