Park Gazettement and Integrated Conservation and Development as Factors in Community Conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
Park Gazettement and Integrated Conservation and Development as Factors in Community Conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01777.x
复制
发表时间：
2012-02-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Leader-Williams, Nigel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baker, Julia;Milner-Gulland, E. J.;Leader-Williams, Nigel
保护区管理者和当地人之间的冲突是常见的，但很少分析冲突的驱动因素。这限制了确定减少冲突的战略的机会，并限制了对保护造成威胁的程度。在乌干达的布温迪不可穿越森林采用了综合保护和发展办法，以减少国家公园公告期间的冲突，但这一办法的成功与否仍有争议。我们检索了公园工作人员和当地人从1986年到2000年（之前，期间和之后的公报）写的冲突文件。我们提取了48起暴力冲突事件的数据，并按公告期、地区、煽动者和类型对它们进行了分类，对布温迪暴力冲突的触发因素进行了历史分析。在公告之前和公告期间，当执法努力试图阻止Bwindi内的商业活动时，当地村民挑起了大多数冲突事件。在这些期间，没有因逮捕收集生活资源的村民而发生冲突。政府公告后，禁止商业活动继续推动冲突，即使村民收集生存资源被逮捕的频率比政府公告前更高，当地对公园的态度有所改善后，收到ICD的好处。执法工作针对商业活动，以减少对布温迪山地大猩猩（Gorilla beringei beringei）的威胁，尽管这些活动仍然是布温迪附近村庄居民的重要收入来源。因此，在政府公告后失去商业收入似乎是他们挑起与公园管理员冲突的主要动机。禁止使用维持生计的资源较少引发冲突。我们使用类型学的多元冲突分析表明，通过确定保护的驱动因素的冲突的影响之间的差异，冲突分析可以使冲突解决措施，可以进一步保护工作的更具战略性的部署。在Bwindi，将ICD针对那些从商业活动中失去利益的个人，可能会加强ICD在解决冲突和保护方面的作用。
Conflicts between protected-area managers and local people are common, but the drivers of conflict are rarely analyzed. This limits opportunities to identify strategies that reduce conflict and the magnitude of resulting threats to conservation. Integrated conservation and development (ICD) was adopted at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, to reduce conflict during gazettement of the national park, but the success of this approach remains contested. We retrieved documents of conflict written by park staff and local people from 1986 through 2000 (before, during, and after gazettement). We extracted data on 48 incidences of violent conflict and categorized them by gazettement period, area, instigator, and type to undertake a historical analysis of the triggers of violent conflict at Bwindi. Before and during gazettement, local villagers instigated most of the conflict incidents when law-enforcement efforts sought to halt commercial activities within Bwindi. No conflict arose from the arrest of villagers collecting subsistence resources during these periods. After gazettement, prohibitions on commercial activities continued to drive conflict even though villagers collecting subsistence resources were arrested more frequently than before gazettement, and local attitudes toward the park had improved following receipt of ICD benefits. Law-enforcement efforts targeted commercial activities to reduce this threat to Bwindi's mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), although the activities remained important income sources for people in villages near Bwindi. Losing commercial income following gazettement therefore appeared to be their primary motivation for instigating conflict with park rangers. Prohibitions on subsistence resource use triggered conflict less often. Our use of typologies for a multivariate conflict analysis demonstrates that by identifying differences between effects of conservation as drivers of conflict, conflict analysis can enable a more strategic deployment of conflictresolution measures that could further conservation efforts. At Bwindi targeting ICD toward individuals who lost benefits from commercial activities may strengthen the role of ICD in conflict resolution and conservation.