Higher education in Japan: A view from outside
Higher education in Japan: A view from outside
复制标题
日本的高等教育：外部视角
DOI：
10.1023/a:1003032909075
复制
发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
U. Teichler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
U. Teichler
在比较研究中，日本的高等教育通常被描述为相当大的扩张，高度分层，被入学竞争所掩盖，对研究生的要求不是很高，在授予证书方面很重要，但在学习科目和随后的专业任务之间没有紧密的联系。这些特征在过去被频繁地指出，因此我们不得不提出这样一个问题，即这种描述是否太过时，是否太刻板。这篇文章呼应了这期特刊的前几篇文章。本文对日本学者所论述的主题进行了部分总结、部分补充和部分质疑，并从日本高等教育的数量结构模式、管理与筹资、入学与录取、学、教与研、学历、证书与职业的关系、教育与就业的关系、教育与就业的关系、教育课程、能力和毕业生就业，最后是研究生教育。作者得出的结论是，针对高等教育改革的努力已经分散在许多问题上，其中许多学术问题，如新课程方法，而不是集中在单一的主要问题，如指导，管理和评估，因为人们可以观察到在过去十年左右的欧洲。不断变化的社会条件，如日益严重的就业问题，专家的职业生涯和国际化的增加，目前正在从各个方面考虑高等教育政策。
Higher education in Japan is often characterized in comparativestudies as considerably expanded, highly stratified, overshadowed bycompetition for admission, not very demanding for the masses ofundergraduate students, important in awarding credentials, but without closelinks between the subjects of study and subsequent professional tasks. Thesecharacteristics have been pointed out so frequently in the past that thequestion has to be raised whether this picture is too old-fashioned and toomuch of a stereotype. This article echoes the previous articles of thisspecial issue. The themes addressed by Japanese authors are partlysummarized, partly supplemented and partly challenged by a foreign observer.Developments and notably changes in the early 1990s are analyzed in respectto the quantitative-structural pattern of the Japanese higher educationssystem; governance and financing; access and admissions; learning, teachingand research; links between educational attainment, credentials and career;curricula, competences and graduate employment, and finally graduateeducation. The author draws the conclusion that efforts directed towardsreforming higher education have been spread over many issues, among themmany academic issues such as new curricular approaches, rather thanfocussing on single major issues such as steering, governance and evaluationas one could observe in Europe during the last ten years or so. Changingsocietal conditions, for example growing employment problems, the increaseof specialists' career and internationalization currently stimulate areconsideration of higher education policies in various respects.