Selectivity of mass extinctions: Patterns, processes, and future directions
Selectivity of mass extinctions: Patterns, processes, and future directions
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DOI：
10.1017/ext.2023.10
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Payne;Jood A. Al Aswad;C. Deutsch;P. Monarrez;J. Penn;Pulkit Singh
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作者：
J. Payne;Jood A. Al Aswad;C. Deutsch;P. Monarrez;J. Penn;Pulkit Singh
大灭绝研究的一个中心问题是，这些事件是否只是加强了背景灭绝过程和模式，而不是改变了驱动机制和相关的选择性模式。在过去的二十年里，在新的化石出现数据库的发展的帮助下，与大规模灭绝相关的选择性模式已经越来越好地量化，它们与背景模式的差异已经建立。一般来说，在大灭绝期间，地理范围的差异比背景间隔期间的差异要小，而呼吸和循环解剖结构的差异可能与对氧气供应、温度和pH值快速变化的耐受性相关，这表明大灭绝期间的选择性有更大的证据。最近扩大了对不同分支的生物代表进行的生理学实验，并发展了将温度和氧气供应与海洋中可生存生境的程度联系起来的简单定量理论，这使得能够利用地球系统模型将环境变化的地球化学代用约束与生境丧失的数量和地理分布的定量预测联系起来。早期的迹象表明，生理特征和环境变化之间的相互作用可以解释相当大比例的灭绝选择性，至少在一些大规模灭绝事件。剩下的一个挑战是量化的生理耐受性的限制所造成的初级灭绝与次生灭绝所造成的特定物种在生态上依赖的类群的损失的影响。根据过去的灭绝事件对生理模型进行校准，将提高其在预测和缓解当前生物多样性危机方面的价值。
A central question in the study of mass extinction is whether these events simply intensify background extinction processes and patterns versus change the driving mechanisms and associated patterns of selectivity. Over the past two decades, aided by the development of new fossil occurrence databases, selectivity patterns associated with mass extinction have become increasingly well quantified and their differences from background patterns established. In general, differences in geographic range matter less during mass extinction than during background intervals, while differences in respiratory and circulatory anatomy that may correlate with tolerance to rapid change in oxygen availability, temperature, and pH show greater evidence of selectivity during mass extinction. The recent expansion of physiological experiments on living representatives of diverse clades and the development of simple, quantitative theories linking temperature and oxygen availability to the extent of viable habitat in the oceans have enabled the use of Earth system models to link geochemical proxy constraints on environmental change with quantitative predictions of the amount and biogeography of habitat loss. Early indications are that the interaction between physiological traits and environmental change can explain substantial proportions of observed extinction selectivity for at least some mass extinction events. A remaining challenge is quantifying the effects of primary extinction resulting from the limits of physiological tolerance versus secondary extinction resulting from the loss of taxa on which a given species depended ecologically. The calibration of physiology-based models to past extinction events will enhance their value in prediction and mitigation efforts related to the current biodiversity crisis.