Wind-Related Orientation Patterns in Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal High-Altitude Insect Migrants.
Wind-Related Orientation Patterns in Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal High-Altitude Insect Migrants.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00032
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Chapman JW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hu G;Lim KS;Reynolds DR;Reynolds AM;Chapman JW
大多数昆虫在相当高的高度（离地面数百米）飞行，在那里它们利用快速流动的风来实现快速和相对长距离的运输。利用昆虫学雷达对夜间空中迁徙动物群进行了很好的研究，许多研究表明，在一系列夜间迁徙昆虫中，飞行方向经常围绕一个共同方向分组。常见的方向通常发生在靠近顺风的方向（从而确保昆虫自我驱动的速度的很大一部分指向下游），至少在夜间活动的昆虫中，顺风的方向似乎是通过直接探测与风有关的湍流线索来维持的。尽管数量和种类都要丰富得多，但白天飞行的风载迁徙动物却很少被雷达研究；因此，与风相关的常见定向模式的频率及其形成过程中涉及的感觉机制仍有待确定。在这里，我们分析了一个大型数据集，该数据集由雷达探测到的“中型”风载昆虫候鸟（体重从10到70毫克）组成，它们在下午、日落前后和午夜在英国南部上空数百米的地方飞行。我们发现，与风相关的共同方向在白天几乎无处不在（在所有分析的“迁徙事件”中占97%），在日落时（85%）和夜间（81%）也很频繁。在夜间，航向被系统地偏移到气流的右侧（正如使用湍流线索进行气流评估所预测的那样），但在白天或日落时的偏移没有方向性偏差。定向“性能”随飞行高度的增加而显著提高。最后，我们讨论了最有可能在与风有关的飞行航向的选择和维持中发挥作用的感觉机制。
Most insect migrants fly at considerable altitudes (hundreds of meters above the ground) where they utilize fast-flowing winds to achieve rapid and comparatively long-distance transport. The nocturnal aerial migrant fauna has been well studied with entomological radars, and many studies have demonstrated that flight orientations are frequently grouped around a common direction in a range of nocturnal insect migrants. Common orientation typically occurs close to the downwind direction (thus ensuring that a large component of the insects’ self-powered speed is directed downstream), and in nocturnal insects at least, the downwind headings are seemingly maintained by direct detection of wind-related turbulent cues. Despite being far more abundant and speciose, the day-flying windborne migrant fauna has been much less studied by radar; thus the frequency of wind-related common orientation patterns and the sensory mechanisms involved in their formation remain to be established. Here, we analyze a large dataset of >600,000 radar-detected “medium-sized” windborne insect migrants (body mass from 10 to 70 mg), flying hundreds of meters above southern UK, during the afternoon, in the period around sunset, and in the middle of the night. We found that wind-related common orientation was almost ubiquitous during the day (present in 97% of all “migration events” analyzed), and was also frequent at sunset (85%) and at night (81%). Headings were systematically offset to the right of the flow at night-time (as predicted from the use of turbulence cues for flow assessment), but there was no directional bias in the offsets during the day or at sunset. Orientation “performance” significantly increased with increasing flight altitude throughout the day and night. We conclude by discussing sensory mechanisms which most likely play a role in the selection and maintenance of wind-related flight headings.