THE EFFECT OF PARENT MATERIAL AND SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON NUTRIENT CYCLING IN TEMPERATE ECOSYSTEMS
THE EFFECT OF PARENT MATERIAL AND SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON NUTRIENT CYCLING IN TEMPERATE ECOSYSTEMS
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02180318
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发表时间：
1988-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
ANDERSON, DW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ANDERSON, DW
土壤的母质决定了风化释放的营养元素的原始供应，并影响养分流失和保留之间的平衡。微生物和植物产生的有机酸和分泌物增强了矿物的风化和营养物质的释放。营养素可以储存在有机循环中或作为吸附在粘土和有机物质上的离子。养分主要通过淋溶损失，包括溶解的离子和与可溶性有机成分结合的离子。土壤的形成明显地影响这些过程，并随着土层的发育改变不同深度的环境。矿物和有机胶体之间的强烈相互作用发生在大多数残留物被添加到地下的地方，如在草原中，或通过动物活动与矿物土壤混合，如在一些森林中。这些系统往往是养分保存。在土壤表面添加有机残留物往往导致缓慢分解，许多营养素被束缚在生物抗性腐殖物质中，并产生在沥滤和螯合作用中具有活性的有机酸。随着时间的推移，这些土壤往往会通过沥滤而失去养分，并变成强酸性。在高地，沥滤作用最强，净向下流到深层地下水位，在低地，由于自流压力或接近地表的地下水位的毛细上升，沥滤作用可能会减弱或消除。成土特征，如粘土层或duripans可能会改变水流。Simonson的概念，即所有基本的土壤形成过程都在某种程度上发生在所有土壤中，这对开发描述土壤形成和养分循环的模型至关重要。
The parent material of a soil determines the original supply of those nutrient elements that are released by weathering and influences the balance between nutrient loss and retention. Organic acids and exudates produced by microorganisms and plants enhance the weathering of minerals and the release of nutrients. Nutrients may be stored in organic cycles or as ions adsorbed to clay and organic matter. Nutrients are lost mainly by leaching, both as dissolved ions and when associated with soluble organic components. Soil formation evidently affects these processes and modifies the environment at different depths as soil horizons develop. Strong interactions between mineral and organic colloids occur where most residues are added below ground, as in grasslands, or mixed with mineral soil by faunal activity, as in some forests. These systems tend to be nutrient conserving. The addition of organic residues to the soil surface often results in slow decomposition, the tie-up of many nutrients in biologically resistant humic materials, and the generation of organic acids that are active in leaching and chelation. These soils tend to lose nutrients by leaching and become strongly acidic with time. Leaching is strongest in uplands with net downward flows to deep water tables, and may be dampened or obviated in lowlands with strong upward fluxes due to artesian pressure or capillary rise from a water table that is close to the surface. Pedogenic features such as clayeyBhorizons or duripans may alter water flow. Simonson's concepts that all basic soil-forming processes occur to some degree in all soils are critical to developing models describing soil formation and nutrient cycles.