Applications of telemedicine in the United States space program
Applications of telemedicine in the United States space program
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DOI：
10.1089/tmj.1.1998.4.19
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发表时间：
1998-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Merrell, RC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Doarn, CR;Nicogossian, AE;Merrell, RC
自人类太空飞行开始以来，NASA一直将人类置于极端和偏远的环境中。在维持人类在外层空间方面存在许多挑战，包括提供生命支持系统、辐射屏蔽和尽量减少微重力影响的对策。由于宇航员是根据他们的健康状况挑选的，除其他因素外，疾病和疾病被减少到最低限度。然而，建立适当的医疗保健制度，在发生疾病和伤害时加以处理，仍然非常重要。除了阿波罗计划外，太空探索一直局限于距离地球表面几百英里以内的任务。在21世纪和新千年来临之际，人类的探索将集中在国际空间站的运行和人类火星任务的准备上。这些特派团将对人类健康构成内在风险，因此，必须制定适当计划来应对这些挑战和风险。长期任务的机组人员必须更加独立于地面控制人员。目前正在完善新的系统、协议和程序。信息系统和电信领域新兴技术的应用对机上医疗至关重要。通过远程医疗应用这些技术将为机组人员提供信息，评估健康状况的非侵入性程序，以及通过集成传感器，全息术，决策支持系统和虚拟环境的指导。这些技术还将作为加强培训和医学教育的基础。空间飞行医疗保健的设计应导致重新设计地球上的医疗实践。
Since the beginning of human space flight, NASA has been placing humans in extreme and remote environments. There are many challenges in maintaining humans in outer space, including the provision of life-support systems, radiation shielding, and countermeasures for minimizing the effect of microgravity. Because astronauts are selected for their health, among other factors, disease and illness are minimized. However, it is still of great importance to have appropriate medical care systems in place to address illness and injury should they occur. With the exception of the Apollo program, exploration of space has been limited to missions that are within several hundred miles of the surface of the Earth. At the dawn of the 21st century and the new millennium, human exploration will be focused on operation of the International Space Station (ISS) and preparation for human missions to Mars. These missions will present inherent risks to human health, and, therefore, appropriate plans must be established to address these challenges and risks. Crews of long-duration missions must become more independent from ground controllers. New systems, protocols, and procedures are currently being perfected. Application of emerging technologies in information systems and telecommunications will be critical to inflight medical care. Application of these technologies through telemedicine will provide crew members access to information, noninvasive procedures for assessing health status, and guidance through the integration of sensors, holography, decision-support systems, and virtual environments. These technologies will also serve as a basis to enhance training and medical education. The design of medical care for space flight should lead to a redesign of the practice of medicine on Earth.