Reassessing the fuelwood situation in developing countries 1-猫眼课题宝

重新评估发展中国家的薪材状况 1

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2003

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作者：

M. Arnold;R. Persson

由于缺乏可靠的资料，对薪材情况的了解一直受到阻碍。记录在案的薪材生产只占很小一部分。大部分消费是由贫困家庭提供的，因此也很少报告。因此，很难确定薪材使用的实际规模以及对森林和农村生计的影响，这一直是一个争论很大的问题。1970年代中期，据估计，发展中国家有越来越多的人依赖薪材作为主要的家用燃料，这导致人们预测森林资源可能会遭到毁灭性的消耗。据认为，薪材日益短缺，预计也会对农村穷人产生严重的社会经济后果。建议采取广泛、迅速的行动，以避免或扭转“薪材缺口”，要求在城市和其他集中的市场需求来源附近建立大规模种植园，社区和个人种植，以满足更局部的农村需求。捐助者和国家林业方案都迅速采取了干预措施，以实现这一目标，吸引了大量资金。到20世纪80年代中期，这一初步评估的大部分内容都被彻底修改了。有人认为，消费增长率估计过高，由于薪材供应大部分来自森林以外，薪材的使用对森林的影响也被夸大。此外，有人认为，进行干预以鼓励更多地植树以供薪材使用的范围比原先设想的要有限，因为往往有成本较低的替代办法（Dewees，1989年）。作为回应，面向薪材的林业方案在1990年代被广泛缩减，对薪材情况的注意也减少了。然而，在能源和林业研究方面，继续收集了大量有关的新资料，为再次审查这一情况提供了基础。在这份说明中，我们看看最近的信息揭示了家庭使用薪材的情况，

Understanding the fuelwood situation has always been hampered by lack of reliable information. Only a very small fraction of fuelwood production is recorded. The greater part of consumption is by poor households and so is also seldom reported. Assessment of the actual magnitude of fuelwood use, and the impacts on forests and rural livelihoods, has consequently been difficult to determine, and has been the subject of considerable debate. In the mid 1970s, estimates that huge and growing numbers of people in developing countries depended on fuelwood as their principal domestic fuel led to predictions of potentially devastating depletion of forest resources. The perceived widening shortages of fuelwood were also expected to have serious negative socio-economic consequences for the rural poor. Recommendations for widespread, rapid action to avert or reverse ‘fuelwood gaps’ called for large scale plantations to be established near urban and other concentrated sources of market demand, with community and individual plantings to meet more localised rural needs. Interventions to bring this into effect rapidly emerged in both donor and national forestry programmes, attracting large funding flows. By the mid 1980s much of this initial assessment had been quite radically revised. It was argued that the rate of growth of consumption had been overestimated, and that as much of fuelwood supplies came from outside forests the impact that fuelwood use had on forests had also been overstated. In addition, it was argued that the scope for intervening to encourage more tree planting for fuelwood use was more limited than had been assumed, because there were often lower cost alternatives (Dewees 1989). In response, fuelwood-oriented forestry programmes were widely scaled back during the 1990s, and attention to the fuelwood situation has been reduced. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of relevant new information has continued to be assembled, in energy as well as forestry studies, which provides a basis for examining the situation once again. In this note we look at what light recent information sheds on household usage of fuelwood and COMMENT

Reassessing the fuelwood situation in developing countries 1

重新评估发展中国家的薪材状况 1

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