Herbivores and the evolution of the semelparous perennial life‐history of plants
Herbivores and the evolution of the semelparous perennial life‐history of plants
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10040529.x
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发表时间：
1997-07
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
P. Klinkhamer;Takuya Kubo;Yoh Iwasa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Klinkhamer;Takuya Kubo;Yoh Iwasa
植物与其潜在敌人之间的关系在繁殖开始后发生了巨大的变化。使用动态建模方法，我们研究了被繁殖植物吸引的食草动物和病原体对资源优化配置和生活史策略的影响。我们假设，攻击水平的增加与繁殖投资，这可能会导致减少当年的繁殖成功，降低存储效率或增加植物死亡率。如果食草动物或病原体吸引开花植物主要减少当年繁殖成功，最佳的生活史是一年生的或iteroparous常年如果攻击是一个全有或全无的事件。如果消费水平随着所吸引的食草动物数量的增加而增加，则最佳生活史很可能是有或没有肥大年的iteroparity。只有在非常有限的条件下，这才可能导致半同胎。如果食草动物主要是降低了储存到下一年的资源的效率，那么最佳的生活史是重复生产。如果食草动物主要减少生存，最佳的解决方案可能是肥大年或半胎次。对于参数值是现实的Cynoglossum officinale，semelparous多年生石灰质土壤，该模型预测，繁殖应在第三年开始，99%的可用资源在赛季结束时应投资于繁殖，只有1%保存为明年的增长。这样的投资只有C。1%的植物在繁殖后存活，因此最佳生活史接近单胎。对于一小部分繁殖不止一次的植物，只有营养生长的年份和繁殖的年份应该交替。多代繁殖在C. officinale。然而，这样的生活史是非常常见的植物被称为semelparous多年生植物。虽然现有的经验证据是，到目前为止，间接的，而不是结论性的，我们提出，生殖相关的死亡率介导的食草动物或病原体可能发挥了作用，在semelparous多年生生活史的演变。
The relationship between a plant and its potential enemies changes drastically after reproduction has started. Using a dynamic modelling approach we study the effects of herbivores and pathogens, that are attracted by reproducing plants, on optimal allocation of resources, and life‐history strategies. We assume that the level of attack increases with the investment in reproduction, which may lead to a reduction of current years reproductive success, a reduction of storage efficiency or an increase of plant mortality. If herbivores or pathogens attracted by flowering plants mainly reduce current years reproductive success, the optimal life‐history is annual or iteroparous perennial if the attack is an all or nothing event. If the level of consumption increases with the number of herbivores attracted, the optimal life‐history is most likely iteroparity with or without mast years. Only under very restricted conditions this may lead to semelparity. If herbivores mainly reduce the efficiency of the resources stored for next year, the optimal life‐history is iteroparity. If herbivores mainly reduce survival, the optimal solution is likely to be mast years or semelparity. For parameter values that are realistic for Cynoglossum officinale, a semelparous perennial from calcereous soils, the model predicts that reproduction should start in the third year and that 99% of the available resources at the end of season should be invested in reproduction and only 1% saved for growth next year. With such an investment only c. 1% of the plants would survive after reproduction, so the optimal life‐history is close to semelparity. For the small fraction of plants that reproduce more than once, years of vegetative growth only and years with reproduction should alternate. Multiple reproduction is rare in C. officinale. However, such a life history is very common for plants known as semelparous perennial. Although the available empirical evidence is, as yet, circumstantial rather than conclus ive we propose that reproduction related mortality mediated through herbivores or pathogens may play a role in the evolution of the semelparous perennial life‐history.