Electromagnetic metamaterials : transmission line theory and microwave applications : the engineering approach
Electromagnetic metamaterials : transmission line theory and microwave applications : the engineering approach
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DOI：
10.1002/0471754323
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发表时间：
2005-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Caloz;T. Itoh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Caloz;T. Itoh
前言。致谢。首字母缩略语。1绪论。1.1超材料(MTM)和左手MTM的定义。1.2 Viktor Veselago的理论推测。1.3左撇子的实验演示。1.4进一步的数值和实验确认。1.5左手MTM的“常规”后向波和新颖性。1.6术语。1.7传输线(TL)方法。1.8复合右手/左手(CRLH)MTM。1.9 MTM和光子带隙(PBG)结构。1.10 MTM的历史“细菌”。参考资料。2LHMTM的基础知识。2.1麦克斯韦方程中的左撇子。2.2色散介质中的熵条件。2.3边界条件。2.4多普勒效应逆转。2.5瓦维洛夫-切伦科夫辐射的逆转。2.6斯内尔定律的反转：负折射。2.7用“平透镜”对焦。2.8菲涅尔系数。2.9 GOOS-H锚定效应的逆转。2.10凸透镜和凹透镜的会聚和发散反转。2.11亚波长衍射。参考资料。3中医热释光理论。3.1理想的同质CRLHTL。3.1.1基本TL特性。3.1.2等效MTM本构参数。3.1.3平衡和不平衡共振。3.1.4败诉案件。3.2 LC网络实施。3.2.1原则。3.2.2与传统过滤器的区别。3.2.3传输矩阵分析。3.2.4输入阻抗。3.2.5截止频率。3.2.6解析弥散关系。3.2.7布洛赫阻抗。3.2.8在存在不完全匹配的情况下有限大小的影响。3.3真实分布的一维CRLH结构。3.3.1总体设计指南。3.3.2微带实现。3.3.3参数提取。3.4实验传输特性。3.5输电线路到本构参数的换算。参考资料。4个二维MTM。4.1本征值问题。4.1.1通用矩阵系统。4.1.2 CRLH专题化。4.1.3晶格选择、对称点、布里渊区和二维色散表示法。4.2用传输矩阵法(TMM)驱动问题。4.2.1 TMM的原则。4.2.2散射参数。4.2.3电压和电流分布。4.2.4 TMM的利息和限制。4.3输电线路矩阵(TLM)建模方法。4.3.1卸载TL主机网络的TLM建模。4.3.2加载的TL主机网络(CRLH)的TLM建模。4.3.3材料特性与TLM模型参数之间的关系。4.3.4 TLM方法对MTM的适用性。4.4负折射率(NRI)效应。4.4.1负相速度。4.4.2负屈光。4.4.3负聚焦。4.4.4 RH-LH界面表面等离子体。4.4.5具有特殊性能的反光镜。4.5分布式二维结构。4.5.1对可能的结构的描述。4.5.2色散和传播特性。4.5.3参数提取。4.5.4 NRI SLAB的分布式实施。参考资料。5导波应用。5.1双频组件。5.1.1 CRLHTL的双频特性。5.1.2四分之一波长TL和末节。5.1.3无源元件示例：正交混合电源和威尔金森功率分配器。5.1.3.1正交混合。5.1.3.2威尔金森功率分配器。5.1.4非线性元件示例：正交次谐波泵浦混音器。5.2增强型带宽组件。5.2.1带宽增强原理。5.2.2老鼠-竞速耦合器示例。5.3超紧凑型多层垂直TL。5.3.1“垂直”TL架构。5.3.2 TL性能。5.3.3双工器示例。5.4紧边耦合耦合线路耦合器(CLCs)。5.4.1关于联轴式耦合器的概论。5.4.1.1具有小间距的瞬变电磁和准瞬变电磁对称耦合线结构：阻抗耦合(IC)。5.4.1.2具有较大间距的非瞬变电磁对称耦合线结构：相位耦合(PC)。5.4.1.3对称连线结构概要。5.4.1.4不对称连线结构。5.4.1.5 MTM耦合器的优点。5.4.2对称阻抗耦合器。5.4.3不对称相位耦合器。5.5负极和零阶谐振器。5.5.1原则。5.5.2 LC网络实施。5.5.3零阶谐振器特性。5.5.4电路理论验证。5.5.5微带实现。参考资料。6辐射波应用。6.1漏波结构的基本方面。6.1.1泄漏辐射原理。6.1.2均匀和周期性泄漏波结构。6.1.2.1统一的LW结构。6.1.2.2周期性LW结构。6.1.3超材料漏波结构。6.2背射至端射(BE)泄漏波(LW)天线。6.3电子扫描BE LW天线。6.3.1电子扫描原理。6.3.2电子波束宽度控制原理。6.3.3结构和结果分析。6.4反光--指令系统。6.4.1被动后向反射器。6.4.2任意角度频率调谐反射器。6.4.3任意角度电子调谐反射器。6.5二维结构。6.5.1二维LW辐射。6.5.2锥形波束天线。6.5.3全空间扫描天线。6.6零阶谐振天线。6.7双频CRLH-TL谐振环天线。6.8聚焦辐射“元界面”。6.8.1外差相控阵。6.8.2不均匀的漏波散热器。参考资料。7 MTM的未来。7.1“真正的人造”材料：同质化的挑战。7.2准光学NRI透镜和设备。7.3三维各向同性LHMTM。7.4光学MTM。7.5“无磁”磁性MTM。7.6太赫兹磁性MTM。7.7表面等离子体MTMS。7.8天线天线罩和频率选择表面。7.9非线性MTM。7.10现役MTM。7.11其他感兴趣的话题。参考资料。索引。
Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs. 1.2 Theoretical Speculation by Viktor Veselago. 1.3 Experimental Demonstration of Left-Handedness. 1.4 Further Numerical and Experimental Confirmations. 1.5 "Conventional" Backward Waves and Novelty of LH MTMs. 1.6 Terminology. 1.7 Transmission Line (TL) Approach. 1.8 Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) MTMs. 1.9 MTMs and Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) Structures. 1.10 Historical "Germs" of MTMs. References. 2 Fundamentals of LH MTMs. 2.1 Left-Handedness from Maxwell's Equations. 2.2 Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media. 2.3 Boundary Conditions. 2.4 Reversal of Doppler Effect. 2.5 Reversal of Vavilov- Cerenkov Radiation. 2.6 Reversal of Snell's Law: Negative Refraction. 2.7 Focusing by a "Flat LH Lens". 2.8 Fresnel Coefficients. 2.9 Reversal of Goos-H anchen Effect. 2.10 Reversal of Convergence and Divergence in Convex and Concave Lenses. 2.11 Subwavelength Diffraction. References. 3 TLTheoryofMTMs. 3.1 Ideal Homogeneous CRLH TLs. 3.1.1 Fundamental TL Characteristics. 3.1.2 Equivalent MTM Constitutive Parameters. 3.1.3 Balanced and Unbalanced Resonances. 3.1.4 Lossy Case. 3.2 LC Network Implementation. 3.2.1 Principle. 3.2.2 Difference with Conventional Filters. 3.2.3 Transmission Matrix Analysis. 3.2.4 Input Impedance. 3.2.5 Cutoff Frequencies. 3.2.6 Analytical Dispersion Relation. 3.2.7 Bloch Impedance. 3.2.8 Effect of Finite Size in the Presence of Imperfect Matching. 3.3 Real Distributed 1D CRLH Structures. 3.3.1 General Design Guidelines. 3.3.2 Microstrip Implementation. 3.3.3 Parameters Extraction. 3.4 Experimental Transmission Characteristics. 3.5 Conversion from Transmission Line to Constitutive Parameters. References. 4 Two-Dimensional MTMs. 4.1 Eigenvalue Problem. 4.1.1 General Matrix System. 4.1.2 CRLH Particularization. 4.1.3 Lattice Choice, Symmetry Points, Brillouin Zone, and 2D Dispersion Representations. 4.2 Driven Problem by the Transmission Matrix Method (TMM). 4.2.1 Principle of the TMM. 4.2.2 Scattering Parameters. 4.2.3 Voltage and Current Distributions. 4.2.4 Interest and Limitations of the TMM. 4.3 Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modeling Method. 4.3.1 TLM Modeling of the Unloaded TL Host Network. 4.3.2 TLM Modeling of the Loaded TL Host Network (CRLH). 4.3.3 Relationship between Material Properties and the TLM Model Parameters. 4.3.4 Suitability of the TLM Approach for MTMs. 4.4 Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Effects. 4.4.1 Negative Phase Velocity. 4.4.2 Negative Refraction. 4.4.3 Negative Focusing. 4.4.4 RH-LH Interface Surface Plasmons. 4.4.5 Reflectors with Unusual Properties. 4.5 Distributed 2D Structures. 4.5.1 Description of Possible Structures. 4.5.2 Dispersion and Propagation Characteristics. 4.5.3 Parameter Extraction. 4.5.4 Distributed Implementation of the NRI Slab. References. 5 Guided-Wave Applications. 5.1 Dual-Band Components. 5.1.1 Dual-Band Property of CRLH TLs. 5.1.2 Quarter-Wavelength TL and Stubs. 5.1.3 Passive Component Examples: Quadrature Hybrid and Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.3.1 Quadrature Hybrid. 5.1.3.2 Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.4 Nonlinear Component Example: Quadrature Subharmonically Pumped Mixer. 5.2 Enhanced-Bandwidth Components. 5.2.1 Principle of Bandwidth Enhancement. 5.2.2 Rat-Race Coupler Example. 5.3 Super-compact Multilayer "Vertical" TL. 5.3.1 "Vertical" TL Architecture. 5.3.2 TL Performances. 5.3.3 Diplexer Example. 5.4 Tight Edge-Coupled Coupled-Line Couplers (CLCs). 5.4.1 Generalities on Coupled-Line Couplers. 5.4.1.1 TEM and Quasi-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Small Interspacing: Impedance Coupling (IC). 5.4.1.2 Non-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Relatively Large Spacing: Phase Coupling (PC). 5.4.1.3 Summary on Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.4 Asymmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.5 Advantages of MTM Couplers. 5.4.2 Symmetric Impedance Coupler. 5.4.3 Asymmetric Phase Coupler. 5.5 Negative and Zeroth-Order Resonator. 5.5.1 Principle. 5.5.2 LC Network Implementation. 5.5.3 Zeroth-Order Resonator Characteristics. 5.5.4 Circuit Theory Verification. 5.5.5 Microstrip Realization. References. 6 Radiated-Wave Applications. 6.1 Fundamental Aspects of Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.1 Principle of Leakage Radiation. 6.1.2 Uniform and Periodic Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.2.1 Uniform LW Structures. 6.1.2.2 Periodic LW Structures. 6.1.3 Metamaterial Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.2 Backfire-to-Endfire (BE) Leaky-Wave (LW) Antenna. 6.3 Electronically Scanned BE LW Antenna. 6.3.1 Electronic Scanning Principle. 6.3.2 Electronic Beamwidth Control Principle. 6.3.3 Analysis of the Structure and Results. 6.4 Reflecto-Directive Systems. 6.4.1 Passive Retro-Directive Reflector. 6.4.2 Arbitrary-Angle Frequency Tuned Reflector. 6.4.3 Arbitrary-Angle Electronically Tuned Reflector. 6.5 Two-Dimensional Structures. 6.5.1 Two-Dimensional LW Radiation. 6.5.2 Conical-Beam Antenna. 6.5.3 Full-Space Scanning Antenna. 6.6 Zeroth Order Resonating Antenna. 6.7 Dual-Band CRLH-TL Resonating Ring Antenna. 6.8 Focusing Radiative "Meta-Interfaces". 6.8.1 Heterodyne Phased Array. 6.8.2 Nonuniform Leaky-Wave Radiator. References. 7 The Future of MTMs. 7.1 "Real-Artificial" Materials: the Challenge of Homogenization. 7.2 Quasi-Optical NRI Lenses and Devices. 7.3 Three-Dimensional Isotropic LH MTMs. 7.4 Optical MTMs. 7.5 "Magnetless" Magnetic MTMs. 7.6 Terahertz Magnetic MTMs. 7.7 Surface Plasmonic MTMs. 7.8 Antenna Radomes and Frequency Selective Surfaces. 7.9 Nonlinear MTMs. 7.10 Active MTMs. 7.11 Other Topics of Interest. References. Index.