How to Go Nonmonotonic
How to Go Nonmonotonic
复制标题
如何变得非单调
DOI：
10.1007/1-4020-3092-4_3
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
D. Makinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Makinson
内容目的1.导论1.内容简介。我们都是非单调的1.2。回顾经典结果1.3的一些特征。一些误解和习惯，暂停1.4。从你的前提中获得更多结论的三种方法2.使用背景假设2.从经典结果到关键假设2.2。从关键假设到违约假设2.特化和泛化3.限制估值集合3.1.从经典后果到关键估值3.2。从关键估值到违约估值3.3。专门化和泛化4.使用附加规则4.1。从经典结果到关键规则4.2。从关键规则到默认规则4.3。概括和变式5.与概率推理的联系5.1.概率5.2的基本概念和公理。经典结果5.3的概率刻画。超经典概率后果关系5.4。使概率推理和定性推理更紧密地联系在一起附录：定理4.3-1的证明。确认参考2目的本概述面向那些听说过非单调推理并希望更好地了解它的全部内容的人。它的驱动力是什么？它与经典逻辑有哪些不同之处？它与概率有什么关系？更广泛地说，它是如何运行的，如何使用它？我们将努力尽可能清楚地回答这些问题，一方面不过分技术性，另一方面也不含糊或挥手。对于局外人来说，非单调逻辑可能是一件相当神秘的事情。即使从内部来看，它也可能看起来缺乏统一，许多作者提出的多个系统朝着不同的方向发展。为数不多的教科书往往会延续这种印象。我们的主要目的是从这个主题中解开一些谜团，并表明它并不像乍看上去那样陌生。事实上，只要避免某些误解和顽固的习惯，只要避免某些误解和顽固的习惯，只要避免和搁置某些误解和顽固的习惯，任何具有最低经典命题逻辑背景和几个基本数学工具的人都可以很容易地接触到它。正如我们将要展示的那样，有一些单调逻辑充当了经典结果和文献中主要的非单调逻辑之间的天然桥梁。这些逻辑，我们称之为非经典逻辑，定义非常简单，也很容易研究。它们提供了三种主要方法来从您的房屋中获得比严格演绎所允许的更多的东西，即…
Contents Purpose 1.Introduction 1.1. We are all nonmonotonic 1.2. Recalling some features of classical consequence 1.3. Some misunderstandings and a habit to suspend 1.4. Three ways of getting more conclusions out of your premises 2. Using background assumptions 2.1. From classical consequence to pivotal assumptions 2.2. From pivotal assumptions to default assumptions 2.3. Specializations and generalizations 3. Restricting the set of valuations 3.1. From classical consequence to pivotal valuations 3.2. From pivotal valuations to default valuations 3.3. Specializations and generalizations 4. Using additional rules 4.1. From classical consequence to pivotal rules 4.2. From pivotal rules to default rules 4.3. Generalizations and variants 5. Connections with probabilistic inference 5.1. Basic concepts and axioms for probability 5.2. Probabilistic characterizations of classical consequence 5.3. Supraclassical probabilistic consequence relations 5.4. Bringing probabilistic and qualitative inference closer together Appendix: Proof of Theorem 4.3-1. Acknowledgements References 2 Purpose This overview is directed to those who have heard of nonmonotonic reasoning and would like to get a better idea of what it is all about. What are its driving ideas? In what ways does it differ from classical logic? How does it relate to probability? More generally, how does it behave and how can it be used? We will try to answer these questions as clearly as possible, without undue technicality on the one hand, nor vagueness or hand waving on the other. For the outsider, nonmonotonic logic can be a rather mysterious affair. Even from the inside, it can appear to lack unity, with multiple systems proposed by as many authors going in different directions. The few available textbooks tend to perpetuate this impression. Our main purpose is to take some of the mystery out of the subject and show that it is not as unfamiliar as may at first sight seem. In fact, it is easily accessible to anybody with a minimal background in classical propositional logic and a few basic mathematical tools-provided certain misunderstandings and a tenacious habit, which we will signal in the first sections, are avoided and put aside. As we shall show, there are monotonic logics that act as natural bridges between classical consequence and the principal kinds of nonmonotonic logic to be found in the literature. These logics, which we call paraclassical, are very simple to define and easy to study. They provide three main ways of getting more out of your premises than is allowed by strict deduction, that …