Generalization of motor learning depends on the history of prior action.
Generalization of motor learning depends on the history of prior action.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040316
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发表时间：
2006-10
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Shadmehr R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Krakauer JW;Mazzoni P;Ghazizadeh A;Ravindran R;Shadmehr R
运动学习的泛化是指我们将在一个情境中学到的东西应用到其他情境中的能力。当泛化是有益的，它被称为转移，当它是有害的，它被称为干扰。理解为什么训练在某些情况下会发生迁移，而在其他情况下却不会发生迁移，可以深入了解泛化的机制。然而，识别相关的上下文线索已经被证明是非常困难的，也许是因为搜索主要是针对明确的线索。相反，我们假设，相关的上下文线索是一个内隐记忆的行动与特定的身体部位。为了验证这一假设，我们考虑了一个任务，在这个任务中，参与者学会了在两种情况下控制光标的运动：通过移动他们的手，通过他们的肩膀和肘部的运动，或通过他们的手腕的运动。使用这些上下文线索导致了三个观察结果：首先，在天真的参与者中，在手腕环境中的学习比在手臂环境中快得多。第二，概括是不对称的，因此手臂训练有利于随后的手腕训练，但反之亦然。第三，对于之前接受过手腕训练的人来说，从手臂到手腕的概括被阻止了。也就是说，先前的手腕训练似乎可以防止随后的手臂训练应该引起的干扰和转移。为了解释这些数据，我们假设学习者收集了背景历史的统计数据：所有上臂运动也会移动手，但偶尔我们会移动手而不移动上臂。在贝叶斯框架中，肢体段使用的历史强烈影响参数不确定性，这是对背景线索协方差的测量。这个简单的贝叶斯先验决定了一个概括模式，在很大程度上再现了所有三个发现。对于运动学习来说，概括取决于上下文，而上下文是由我们以前如何使用四肢的各个部分的统计数据决定的。这项人类学习研究表明，运动系统不仅从预测错误中学习，还从训练发生时的内隐记忆背景中学习。
Generalization of motor learning refers to our ability to apply what has been learned in one context to other contexts. When generalization is beneficial, it is termed transfer, and when it is detrimental, it is termed interference. Insight into the mechanism of generalization may be acquired from understanding why training transfers in some contexts but not others. However, identifying relevant contextual cues has proven surprisingly difficult, perhaps because the search has mainly been for cues that are explicit. We hypothesized instead that a relevant contextual cue is an implicit memory of action with a particular body part. To test this hypothesis we considered a task in which participants learned to control motion of a cursor under visuomotor rotation in two contexts: by moving their hand through motion of their shoulder and elbow, or through motion of their wrist. Use of these contextual cues led to three observations: First, in naive participants, learning in the wrist context was much faster than in the arm context. Second, generalization was asymmetric so that arm training benefited subsequent wrist training, but not vice versa. Third, in people who had prior wrist training, generalization from the arm to the wrist was blocked. That is, prior wrist training appeared to prevent both the interference and transfer that subsequent arm training should have caused. To explain the data, we posited that the learner collected statistics of contextual history: all upper arm movements also move the hand, but occasionally we move our hands without moving the upper arm. In a Bayesian framework, history of limb segment use strongly affects parameter uncertainty, which is a measure of the covariance of the contextual cues. This simple Bayesian prior dictated a generalization pattern that largely reproduced all three findings. For motor learning, generalization depends on context, which is determined by the statistics of how we have previously used the various parts of our limbs. This human learning study indicates that a motor system learns not just from prediction error, but also from the history of implicitly remembered contexts in which training occurred.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Poggio, T;Bizzi, E
通讯作者：
Bizzi, E
DOI：
10.3758/bf03336628
发表时间：
1969-01-01
期刊：
PSYCHONOMIC SCIENCE
影响因子：
--
作者：
PUTTERMA.AH;ROBERT, AL;BREGMAN, AS
通讯作者：
BREGMAN, AS
影响因子：
2
作者：
Sainburg, RL;Wang, JS
通讯作者：
Wang, JS
DOI：
10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.987
发表时间：
1994-10-01
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
CUNNINGHAM, HA;WELCH, RB
通讯作者：
WELCH, RB
影响因子：
2
作者：
Bock, O;Schneider, S;Bloomberg, J
通讯作者：
Bloomberg, J