Why are children in the same family so different from one another?*
Why are children in the same family so different from one another?*
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DOI：
10.1093/ije/dyq148
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发表时间：
2011-06-01
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Daniels, Denise
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Plomin, Robert;Daniels, Denise
人类行为遗传学最重要的发现之一涉及环境而不是遗传，为环境对人格，精神病理学和认知的重要性提供了最好的证据。研究还得出了一个显着的结论，即这些环境影响使同一家庭中的两个孩子之间的差异与从人口中随机选择的成对孩子之间的差异一样。目标文章的主题是同一家庭中孩子之间的环境差异（称为“非共享环境”）代表人格，精神病理学和认知能力的环境差异的主要来源。支持这一结论的证据的一个例子是，从生命早期起就在同一家庭中抚养的被收养儿童之间的相关性。因为这些孩子共享家庭环境而非遗传，他们的相关性直接估计了共享家庭环境的重要性。对于大多数心理特征，收养“兄弟姐妹”的相关性接近于零，这意味着相关的环境影响不会被同一家庭的孩子所分享。虽然人们一直认为认知能力是这一规律的例外，但最近的数据表明，影响智商的环境差异在青春期后也是非共享的。（1）描述定量遗传学方法和研究，得出非共享环境是与心理发展相关的大多数环境变化的原因的结论，（2）讨论迄今为止已经研究过的具体的非共享环境影响，（3）考虑非共享环境影响与同一家庭中儿童之间行为差异之间的关系。在BBS上发表这篇文章的原因是为了引起人们对这一发现的深远影响的关注，即心理相关的环境影响使家庭中的儿童彼此不同，而不是相似。
One of the most important findings that has emerged from human behavioral genetics involves the environment rather than heredity, providing the best available evidence for the importance of environmental influences on personality, psychopathology, and cognition. The research also converges on the remarkable conclusion that these environmental influences make two children in the same family as different from one another as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population.The theme of the target article is that environmental differences between children in the same family (called "nonshared environment") represent the major source of environmental variance for personality, psychopathology, and cognitive abilities. One example of the evidence that supports this conclusion involves correlations for pairs of adopted children reared in the same family from early in life. Because these children share family environment but not heredity, their correlation directly estimates the importance of shared family environment. For most psychological characteristics, correlations for adoptive "siblings" hover near zero, which implies that the relevant environmental influences are not shared by children in the same family. Although it has been thought that cognitive abilities represent an exception to this rule, recent data suggest that environmental variance that affects IQ is also of the nonshared variety after adolescence.The article has three goals: (1) To describe quantitative genetic methods and research that lead to the conclusion that nonshared environment is responsible for most environmental variation relevant to psychological development, (2) to discuss specific nonshared environmental influences that have been studied to date, and (3) to consider relationships between nonshared environmental influences and behavioral differences between children in the same family. The reason for presenting this article in BBS is to draw attention to the far-reaching implications of finding that psychologically relevant environmental influences make children in a family different from, not similar to, one another.