Miniaturization - A paradigm shift in advanced manufacturing and education**
Miniaturization - A paradigm shift in advanced manufacturing and education**
复制标题
小型化 - 先进制造和教育的范式转变**
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Hsu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Hsu
本文将概述半个世纪前开始的工程系统和设备小型化的发展。器件进一步小型化到原子尺度的趋势不仅将继续下去，而且将成为新世纪上半叶的主要技术发展，如果不是更长时间的话。这样的发展将需要在设计和制造的各个方面进行重大变革，以及对传统工程实践的生产管理。生产小型化的设备部件和微纳米级的工程系统显然超出了现有机床的能力。在微米尺度上具有高尺寸精度的复杂几何形状的设备部件的成形需要使用特定的和仔细控制的物理化学过程。这些过程中的许多会导致不利的或内在的影响，需要在设计考虑的早期阶段加以考虑。这些产品的微小尺寸也在组装、包装和测试方面造成了许多问题。器件进一步小型化到纳米级，对工程师的设计和制造提出了更大的挑战。大多数基于连续介质理论的设计原理需要进行实质性的修改，以适应与量子物理和量子力学有关的纳米器件结构的相关原理。纳米级器件和组件的制造涉及原子和分子的隔离、运输和重新组装。这种“纳米加工”技术不仅涉及到像微加工那样的物理化学过程，还涉及到分子生物学原理的应用和整合。
SUMMARY This paper will offer an overview of evolution of miniaturization of engineering systems and devices that was initiated a half century ago. The trend of further miniaturization of devices to the ultimate atomic scale will not only continue it will become a dominant technological development in the first half of the new century if not longer. Such development will require significant changes in every aspect of design and manufacture, as well as production management over traditional engineering practices. Production of miniaturized device components and engineering systems of micro- and nanoscale is clearly beyond the capability of current machine tools. Shaping device components of complex geometry in micrometer scale with high dimensional accuracy requires the use of specific and carefully controlled physical-chemical processes. Many of these processes result in adverse or intrinsic effects that need to be accounted for in early stage of design considerations. The nature of the minute sizes of these products also creates many problems in assembly, packaging and testing. Further miniaturization of devices to nanometer scale presents even greater challenges to engineers in design and manufacture. Most of the design principles that are derived on the bases of continuum theories need substantial modifications in order to accommodate relevant principles related to quantum physics and quantum mechanics for device structures in nanometers. Manufacturing of nano-scaled devices and components involves isolation, transportation and re-assembly of atoms and molecules. This “nanomachining” technology involves not only physical-chemical processes as in the case of microfabrication, but it also involves application and integration of the principles of molecular biology.