Molecular imaging of apoptosis: from micro to macro.
Molecular imaging of apoptosis: from micro to macro.
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作者：
Zeng W;Wang X;Xu P;Liu G;Eden HS;Chen X
细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡与许多人类疾病有关，包括神经退行性疾病、缺血性损伤、自身免疫性疾病和许多类型的癌症，并且经常与其他类型的细胞死亡相混淆。因此，能够可视化检测细胞凋亡的策略将对临床诊断、患者管理和新疗法的开发具有巨大的好处。近年来，对凋亡机制的进一步了解和成像方式的进步为研究人员提供了基于明确定义的分子标记和/或生理特征制定微观和宏观成像策略的机会。相应地，大量的细胞凋亡成像探针和方法已在临床前和临床研究中得到证实。在这篇综述中，我们主要讨论了显微成像检测和宏观成像探针，从简单的报告基团附着到与凋亡生物标志物相互作用的蛋白质，到合理设计针对生化变化的探针，其复杂性不一而定。他们的临床翻译也将是我们关注的重点。
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in numerous human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer, and is often confused with other types of cell death. Therefore strategies that enable visualized detection of apoptosis would be of enormous benefit in the clinic for diagnosis, patient management, and development of new therapies. In recent years, improved understanding of the apoptotic machinery and progress in imaging modalities have provided opportunities for researchers to formulate microscopic and macroscopic imaging strategies based on well-defined molecular markers and/or physiological features. Correspondingly, a large collection of apoptosis imaging probes and approaches have been documented in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we mainly discuss microscopic imaging assays and macroscopic imaging probes, ranging in complexity from simple attachments of reporter moieties to proteins that interact with apoptotic biomarkers, to rationally designed probes that target biochemical changes. Their clinical translation will also be our focus.
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