Genetic enhancement of pearl millet and sorghum for the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa
Genetic enhancement of pearl millet and sorghum for the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa
复制标题
亚洲和非洲半干旱热带地区珍珠粟和高粱的遗传改良
作者：
K. Rai;D. S. Murty;D. Andrews;P. Bramel
高粱（Sorcium bicolor（L.）Moench）和珍珠粟（Pennisetumglaucu6m28（L.）R. Br.），亚洲和非洲半干旱热带地区最重要的粗粒谷物是全球谷物种植面积分别排名第五和第六的主要谷物。与高粱相比，珍珠粟表现出更好的适应性，并且生长在相对更边缘的环境中。在自给农业条件下，这两种作物的粮食产量都很低（珍珠粟为0.5 - 0.7 t·ha-1，高粱为0.7 - 0.9 t·ha-1），尽管改良的杂交品种在更好的环境中可实现3 - 4 t·ha-1的粮食产量。非洲种质，特别是来自东非苏丹-埃塞俄比亚边境的Zera Zera高粱和来自西非多哥-加纳-贝宁-布基纳法索地区的Zera Zera珍珠粟，已证明对这些作物的遗传改良最有用。改良品种（主要是杂交品种）的最大影响发生在印度，高产品种（HYV）的种植面积从1968 - 1970年的6%珍珠粟和3%高粱增加到1992 - 1994年的53%珍珠粟和54%高粱。在同一时期，这两种作物的产量增加了59%，这是由于遗传改良和管理因素。现在，一些非洲国家也开始采用混合动力汽车（例如，乍得、喀麦隆、博茨瓦纳和津巴布韦的高粱;乍得、纳米比亚、赞比亚和津巴布韦的珍珠粟）。大量未开发的遗传资源的存在和持续的产量增长表明，未来这些作物的生产力遗传改良前景良好，生物技术工具的应用可以加速这一进程。高粱和珍珠粟将继续是其传统的半干旱热带地区的重要粮食作物。高粱已经是发达国家的一种重要饲料作物，珍珠粟有可能成为一种更好的饲料作物，因为它比高粱具有更高的蛋白质含量和更好的氨基酸谱。这两种作物的食物和饲料营养价值可以通过育种进一步提高。此外，通过遗传改良，有机会开发适合面包和饮料行业替代用途的高粱和珍珠粟品种。
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucu6m28(L.) R. Br.), ranking fifth and sixth in global cereal hectarage, respectively, are the most important coarse-grain cereals in the semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Pearl millet displays better adaptation to and is grown in relatively more marginal environments than sorghum. Under subsistence farming conditions, both crops have low grain yields (0.5–0.7 t·ha–1 for pearl millet and 0.7–0.9 t·ha–1 for sorghum), although improved hybrid cultivars give 3–4 t·ha–1 of realizable grain yields in better-endowed environments. African germplasm, especially Zera Zera sorghums from the Sudan–Ethiopian border in eastern Africa and Iniari pearl millets from the Togo – Ghana – Benin – Burkina Faso region of western Africa, has proved most useful for the genetic improvement of these crops. The greatest impact of improved cultivars (mostly hybrids) has occurred in India, where the area under high-yielding varieties (HYVs) increased from 6% for pearl millet and 3% for sorghum in the triennium 1968–1970 to 53% for pearl millet and 54% for sorghum in the triennium 1992–1994. During the same period, productivity of both crops increased by 59%, which is attributable to both genetic improvement and management factors. HYVs have now started to be adopted in some of the African countries as well (e.g., Chad, Cameroon, Botswana, and Zimbabwe for sorghum; Chad, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe for pearl millet). The availability of vast untapped genetic resources and continuing yield gains indicate that there are good prospects for future genetic improvement in the productivity of these crops, which can be accelerated with the application of biotechnological tools. Sorghum and pearl millet will continue to be important food crops in their traditional semi-arid tropical areas. Sorghum is already an important feed crop in the developed world and pearl millet has the potential to become an even better feed crop, as it has higher protein content and a better amino acid profile than sorghum. The nutritional value of both crops for food and feed use can be further improved by breeding. Also, through genetic enhancement, there exist opportunities for the development of sorghum and pearl millet cultivars suitable for alternative uses in the bakery and beverage industries.