Initial Development of a Measure of Expectancies for Combinations of Alcohol and Caffeine: The Caffeine plus Alcohol Combined Effects Questionnaire (CACEQ)
Initial Development of a Measure of Expectancies for Combinations of Alcohol and Caffeine: The Caffeine plus Alcohol Combined Effects Questionnaire (CACEQ)
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DOI：
10.1037/a0030539
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发表时间：
2012-12-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Calise, Tamara Vehige
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MacKillop, James;Howland, Jonathan;Calise, Tamara Vehige
咖啡因酒精饮料（CAB）消费在美国的年轻人中很普遍，并且与酒精的负面影响增加有关。除了在酒精中加入咖啡因的直接药理作用外，另一种可能的风险机制是通过社会习得的期望，这一点很少受到关注。目前的研究进行了初步的心理测量验证的CAB期望的措施，以促进在这方面的研究。参与者为409名经常饮酒的本科生（71%为女性），他们接受了酒精和CAB使用、酒精使用/滥用以及对CAB的期望的评估。大多数（62%）参与者报告了CAB经验，48%报告了CAB在过去一个月的使用情况。参与者主要消费自发准备的，而不是预混合的CAB。更频繁的CAB使用与酒精使用和滥用水平显着正相关。对于期望项目，探索性因素分析显示两个因素被标记为“醉酒增强”和“避免负面后果”。“预期的模式反映了这样一种信念，即CAB会增强醉酒，但不能防止负面后果。这项研究被称为咖啡因+酒精联合效应问卷（CACEQ）。即使在调整了每周饮酒和酒精滥用的作用后，醉酒增强评分与CAB使用频率显著相关，支持CACEQ的收敛效度。这些数据为CACEQ提供了初步支持，并表明它可能有助于澄清预期在CAB使用中的作用。研究与CAB使用和方法学考虑相关的风险的应用程序进行了讨论。
Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) consumption is widespread among young adults in the United States and is associated with increased negative consequences from alcohol. In addition to the direct pharmacological effects of adding caffeine to alcohol, another possible risk mechanism is via socially learned expectancies, which has received very little consideration. The current study conducted an initial psychometric validation of a measure of CAB expectancies to facilitate research in this area. Participants were 409 undergraduate regular drinkers (71% female) who were assessed for alcohol and CAB use, alcohol use/misuse, and expectancies about CABs. The majority (62%) of participants reported CAB experience and 48% reported CAB use in the past month. Participants primarily consumed spontaneously-prepared as opposed to premixed-CABs. More frequent CAB use was significantly positively correlated with levels of alcohol use and misuse. For the expectancy items, exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that were labeled "Intoxication Enhancement" and "Avoid Negative Consequences." The patterns of expectancies reflected beliefs that CABs enhanced intoxication, but did not protect against negative consequences. The measure was titled the Caffeine + Alcohol Combined Effects Questionnaire (CACEQ). Intoxication enhancement scores were significantly associated with frequency of CAB use, even after adjusting for the role of weekly drinking and alcohol misuse, supporting the convergent validity of the CACEQ. These data provide initial support for the CACEQ and suggest it may be useful for clarifying the role of expectancies in CAB use. Applications for studying the risks associated with CAB use and methodological considerations are discussed.