Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method
Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method
复制标题
让政治科学变得重要：辩论知识、研究和方法
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Reno
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Reno
包括规划者和普通公民在内的人们已经开始接受未来城市、小镇和农村生活服务分散化的未来。他的论点中出现了一些问题，即全球可再生能源项目可以获得资金和充足的财政支持。欧盟（主要是德国和瑞典）通过替代方式生产的能源量似乎比其他任何地方都要多，尤其是美国，该国使用了世界上 25% 的石油，而人口只占全球 22 人中的不到 1 人。在美国，水比石油贵。以每加仑 3.5 美元的汽油价格计算，美国人仅需 20 美分即可行驶 1.5 英里，而在印度或中国乘坐人力车的成本更高。北美政界人士似乎对此并不买账，他们继续支持政府对化石燃料的补贴、购买SUV、不断扩大住宅面积（目前平均面积为3,500平方英尺），以及大力开发住房、购物、轻工业和高速公路绿地。德罗奇还支持内陆地区小镇发展的草根运动，作为他的可再生能源革命的基础，他指出按照目前的设计形式改造特大城市成本太高。通过看看勒纳在巴西和麦克唐纳在中国的工作就可以否定这一论点。在我们当代的商业、分配和政治体系下，我们将如何转移目前居住在大城市和即将来到大城市的数百万人，或者如何将他们留在亚洲、拉丁美洲和非洲的乡村？在德罗格的历史回顾中，他谴责了那些在历史中忽略能源方面的人，但他在传播他的可再生城市范式时也做了同样的事情。他的想法需要政治家、用户和生产者的态度发生重大转变，这远远超出了城市规划的范围。虽然我同意德罗奇的观点，但我预计不会有任何民主资本主义政府做出这场革命所需的重大政策改变。所有“自愿”建筑认证计划（例如能源和环境设计领导力）都是自愿的。他们只有在市场允许的情况下才能取得成功。为了开始这场革命，这些计划必须是大规模的，是定性的而不是定量的，并且包括已建项目的整个范围。迄今为止，市场已经产生了很多“绿色清洗”，而真正的离网开发的实际面积却很少。最后，在对革命之路存在一些分歧之后，我非常兴奋地阅读了他的波特兰项目的案例研究，却发现我必须访问可再生城市网站以了解具体信息。作为指南，本书提供了一个简短、常识性的分步流程，指导如何管理一个委员会，确定当前情况并提出可再生项目。我希望这场革命取得成功，但我希望能够回顾和学习案例研究，这样我就可以避免过去的陷阱并为未来的成功进行设计。
ments, including planners, and average citizens already embracing the future of decentralization of services for future urban, small town, and rural living. Some problems arise in his argument that funding and adequate financial backing is available for renewable energy projects globally. It appears that the amount of energy produced by alternative means is far greater in the European Union, primarily in Germany and Sweden, than anywhere else, especially the United States, which uses 25% of the world’s oil and houses fewer than one out of 22 of the global population. Water is more expensive in the U.S. than oil. At a cost of $3.50 per gallon for gas, Americans can travel 1.5 miles for a mere 20 cents, while a rickshaw ride is more costly in India or China. There seems to be little buy-in from North American politicians, who continue to support government subsidies for fossils, the purchase of SUVs, ever-increasing home sizes at a current average of 3,500 ft2, and the rampant development of greenfields for housing, shopping, light industry, and freeways. Droege also supports a grassroots movement for small town development in the hinterland as the ground floor of his renewable energy revolution, stating that it is too costly to retrofit megacities in their current designed form. This argument can be negated by looking at the work of Lerner in Brazil and McDonough in China. How will we move the millions currently living in and those coming to megacities or how do we keep them in the countryside in Asia, Latin America, and Africa with our contemporary commerce, distribution, and political systems? In Droege’s historical review, he chastises those who omit the energy aspect from history, yet he does the same in promulgating his renewable city paradigm. His ideas will require a major attitude change by politicians, users, and producers that are far beyond the scope of urban planning. While I agree with Droege, I do not foresee any democratic, capitalist government making the major policy changes needed for this revolution. All of the “voluntary” building certification programs such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design are just that— voluntary. They are only as successful as the market allows. In order to start the revolution, the programs must be mandated on a huge scale, be qualitative not quantitative, and include the entire scope of built projects. The market has so far resulted in much “green washing” and little actual square feet of true off-the-grid development. Finally, after some disagreement as to the path to the revolution, I was very excited to read the case study of his Portland Project, only to find I must visit the Renewable City website for specifics. As a guide, the book offers a brief, commonsense, step-by-step process for how to run a committee that is identifying current situations and proposing a renewable project. I want this revolution to succeed, but I want case studies that I can review and learn from so I can avoid past pitfalls and design for future success.