Principles of Fiber-Optic Interferometry
Principles of Fiber-Optic Interferometry
复制标题
光纤干涉测量原理
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4757-6081-1_5
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Jackson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Rao;D. Jackson
众所周知，光学干涉仪能够对光程差（OPD）或干涉仪中的物理位移或折射率变化引起的变化进行高精度测量。早在1960年激光发明之前，就已经使用相干长度相对较短的传统光源演示了各种干涉仪的配置;这些传统干涉仪与现代光学的创始人，如牛顿，杨和迈克尔逊很好地联系在一起。然而，现有光源的空间和时间相干性差以及方向性差，极大地限制了光学干涉仪的应用。20世纪60年代早期激光器的发明对光学干涉测量产生了巨大的影响，因为由于激光器（例如He-Ne激光器）具有更大的时间和空间相干性以及更好的方向性，可以测量更大的OPD。此外，由于激光器的亮度更大，测量精度可以大大提高。亚埃分辨率的振动测量已经得到证明[1]。基于激光的干涉测量已成为距离和振动测量的标准技术。然而，由于保持内部光束的相对对准恒定的基本要求，这种测量系统通常限于实验室环境，因为除非仪器被适当地设计，否则这种临界对准可能容易受到随机噪声的干扰。随着低损耗光纤及其相关光纤元件的发展，许多经典干涉仪的全光纤版本已经推出。将光纤组件并入干涉仪中允许构造能够远程操作的鲁棒且通用的系统，从而产生用于直接或间接影响干涉仪的任何物理参数的通用传感器。
Optical interferometers are well-known for their ability to make highprecision measurements of optical path difference (OPD) or changes that may be induced by a physical displacement or a refractive index change in the interferometer. Various configurations of interferometers had been demonstrated using traditional light sources with relatively short coherence lengths, long before the invention of the laser in 1960; these conventional interferometers are well identified with the founders of modem optics, such as Newton, Young and Michelson. However, the applications of optical interferometers were limited greatly by the poor spatial and temporal coherence and directionality of the available optical sources. The invention of the laser in the early 1960s had a dramatic impact on optical interferometry as much larger OPDs could be measured due to the greater temporal and spatial coherence and the much better directionality of the laser, for example the He-Ne laser. Also, the measurement precision could be improved considerably due to the greater brightness of the laser. Vibration measurement with sub-Angstrom resolution had been demonstrated [1]. Laser-based interferometry has become a standard technique for distance and vibration measurement. However, such measurement systems are generally restricted to laboratory environments due to the fundamental requirement to maintain the relative alignment of the internal optical beams constant, as this critical alignment can be easily perturbed by random noise unless the instrument is properly engineered. With the development of low-loss optical fibers and their associated fiberoptic components, all-fiber-optic versions of many of the classical interferometers have been introduced. The incorporation of fiber optic components into the interferometer allows the construction of robust and versatile systems capable of remote operation, lending to the generation of general purpose sensors for any physical parameter that affects, directly or