Magnitude and distribution of the untapped solar space-heating resource in U.S. climates
Magnitude and distribution of the untapped solar space-heating resource in U.S. climates
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DOI：
10.1016/j.rser.2021.111599
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发表时间：
2021-11
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
A. Rempel;A. Rempel;S. McComas;S. Duffey;C. Enright;S. Mishra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Rempel;A. Rempel;S. McComas;S. Duffey;C. Enright;S. Mishra
在工业化世界中，空间供暖是与建筑有关的温室气体排放的最大单一来源，因此迫切需要制定无碳供暖战略。最近的进展表明，直接捕获、储存和部署太阳能而不转化为电力，即使在寒冷和多云的气候中也具有相当大的潜力来满足空间供暖需求。然而，在气候和城市尺度上可用于直接供暖的太阳能既没有量化，也被广泛认为是微不足道的，阻碍了进一步的调查、开发和政策回应。为了在空间供暖需求的同时估计太阳能资源的大小和分布，我们在空间上整合了描述美国气候中太阳辐射、室外温度和采暖能源使用的数据集。结果显示，住宅规模(1000万平方米)和分布的集热器发生的资源中位数比以前实现的要大得多，相当于每户每年700万兆瓦时；相比之下，目前家庭供暖需求中位数为10.3亿兆瓦时。出乎意料的是，在除半干旱气候外的所有地区，云扩散的太阳辐射占到了这种资源的四分之一以上。在底特律和波士顿(寒冷的大陆)、华盛顿特区(潮湿的亚热带)、西雅图和旧金山(地中海)和丹佛(半干旱)等地区，大都市住宅资源每年超过500万太瓦时，全国资源每年超过750太瓦时，而每年的供暖需求约为1200太瓦时。目前的技术能够捕获和保留一半以上的直接太阳能供暖资源，这表明美国尚未开发的太阳能供暖潜力相当于全国住宅空间供暖需求的三分之一，这意味着世界各地类似的气候中都存在类似的资源。
Space heating is the single greatest source of building-related greenhouse gas emissions in the industrialized world, giving urgency to the development of strategies for carbon-free heating. Recent advances have shown that the direct capture, storage, and deployment of solar energy, without conversion to electricity, has considerable potential to address space-heating needs even in cold and cloudy climates. However, the solar energy available for direct heating at climatic and metropolitan scales is both unquantified and widely assumed to be negligible, impeding further investigation, development, and policy responses. To estimate the magnitude and distribution of solar resources concurrent with space-heating needs, we spatially integrate datasets characterizing solar radiation, outdoor temperature, and heating energy use across U.S. climates. Results show that the median resource incident upon collectors of residential scale (10 m2) and distribution is much greater than previously realized, equaling 7 MWh per household annually; by comparison, the median household heating need is currently 10.3 MWh. Unexpectedly, cloud-diffused solar radiation accounts for over one-quarter of this resource in all but semi-arid climates. Metropolitan residential resources exceed 5 TWh in areas including Detroit and Boston (cold continental), Washington D.C. (humid subtropical), Seattle and San Francisco (Mediterranean), and Denver (semi-arid), and national resources exceed 750 TWh annually, compared to approximately 1200 TWh of annual heating need. Current technology is able to capture and retain over half of a direct solar heating resource, revealing that the untapped U.S. solar heating potential is comparable to one-third of the national residential space-heating need and implying that analogous resources exist in analogous climates worldwide.