Nationwide distribution and potential risk of bisphenol analogues in Indian waters
Nationwide distribution and potential risk of bisphenol analogues in Indian waters
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110718
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发表时间：
2020-09-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Yamashita, Nobuyoshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lalwani, Dipa;Ruan, Yuefei;Yamashita, Nobuyoshi
双酚A（BPA）在世界各地的地表沃茨中经常被发现，其对人类的雌激素效应也有很好的记录。然而，对其他双酚类似物（BPs），如双酚S（BPS）和双酚F（BPF）的替代品知之甚少。在发展中国家，特别是印度，很少有关于BPs的环境调查。在本研究中，8个BPs进行了分析，其中BPA，BPS和BPF被发现普遍存在于地表水和废水从12个州和德里国家首都直辖区在印度收集的排水沟。BPA、BPS和BPF的检出率分别为67.6%、41.9%和29.7%。BPA是三种类似物中的优势种。亚穆纳河的BPA浓度最高（14，800纳克/升），其次是库姆河（1，420纳克/升）。在废水样品中发现的BPS和BPF的最高浓度分别为438 ng/L和333 ng/L。印度全国地表水和废水样本中首次出现BPS和BPF，表明印度正在使用和释放新的BPs作为BPA替代品。使用危害商数（HQ）对三个水生分类组（藻类、甲壳类和鱼类）的BPA、BPS和BPF暴露进行生态风险评估，最后一组显示出BPA暴露的最高HQ（0.89-148）。在本研究中观察到BPA通过饮用河水的人体暴露风险可以忽略不计。我们的研究结果表明，迫切需要，（1）在印度的使用和释放的BPs的法规，（2）有效的工艺，以消除BPs在废水处理厂，（3）更多的调查在印度的分布和毒性的BPs，特别是BPA，BPS和BPF，因为这些类似物被检测到在印度的沃茨在相当大的浓度。
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been frequently found in surface waters worldwide, and its estrogenic effects in humans are well documented. Nevertheless, less is known about other bisphenol analogues (BPs), such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) which are alternative to BPA. There have been few environmental investigations on BPs in developing countries, especially India. In the present study, eight BPs were analyzed, among which BPA, BPS, and BPF were found prevalent in surface water and wastewater from drains collected from 12 states and Delhi-National Capital Territory in India. The detection frequencies of BPA, BPS, and BPF were 67.6%, 41.9%, and 29.7%, respectively in all samples (n = 74). BPA was the predominant species among the three analogues. The highest BPA concentration was observed in the Yamuna River (14,800 ng/L), followed by the Cooum River (1,420 ng/L). The highest concentrations of BPS and BPF were 438 ng/L and 333 ng/L, respectively, both found in wastewater samples. The occurrence of BPS and BPF in nationwide surface water and wastewater samples from India for the first time suggests that new BPs as BPA replacements are being used and released in India. Ecological risk assessment of BPA, BPS and BPF exposure was performed using hazard quotient (HQ) for three aquatic taxonomic groups: algae, crustaceans, and fish, with the last group exhibiting the highest HQs (0.89-148) for BPA exposure. The human exposure risk of BPA through drinking river water was observed negligible in the present study. Our findings indicate the urgent need for, (1) regulations on the use and release of BPs in India, (2) effective processes to remove BPs in wastewater treatment plants, (3) more investigations on the distribution and toxicity of BPs in India, in particular BPA, BPS and BPF, as these analogues were detected at substantial concentration in Indian waters.