DURATION OF EXTENDED PARENTAL CARE IN MARINE AMPHIPODS
DURATION OF EXTENDED PARENTAL CARE IN MARINE AMPHIPODS
复制标题
海洋片脚类的长期亲代照顾的持续时间
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Thiel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Thiel
摘要几种硬壳动物在它们的后代离开雌性的育儿袋后，为它们成长中的后代提供父母照顾。在这项研究中，我研究了3种软底栖息型端足类的延长的父母照料时间：底栖悬浮食性Dyopedos Monacantus(Podoceridae)、穴居滤食性食性Leptocheirus pguis(Aoridae)和洞居性沉积食性Casco bigelowi(Melitidae)。幼虫在母亲的泥鞭上停留10-20天，最长为27天。许多幼崽在第二只幼崽被释放到她的泥鞭上之前离开了他们的母亲，这表明除了第二只幼崽的出现之外，其他因素限制了对第一窝幼崽的照顾时间。平纹夜蛾幼体通常在蜕皮后，分不同批次离开它们母亲的洞穴。有些幼虫在母亲的洞穴里呆了40-60天。幼鱼通常在它们母亲的洞穴里呆80天，然后离开20-40天，直到所有的幼虫都离开。一项文献回顾显示，在许多长期父母照看的底栖上栖动物中，幼体通常会与母亲在一起约3周。在父母照料期间生育后代的雌性通常不会在生育一窝幼崽时产生第二窝幼崽，而不生育但保护后代的雌性通常在照顾第一窝幼崽时产生第二窝幼崽。在管居/穴居物种中，延长父母照料的时间变化更大，一些物种的持续时间从几分钟到另一些物种的3个月。结果表明，管状/洞穴栖息型物种较底栖物种具有更长时间(约20天)的延长亲子关系的潜力。生态限制，如空间和食物的可获得性，捕食，干扰和竞争，作为限制延长父母照料持续时间的因素进行了讨论。据推测，延长父母照顾的可能性很高，但高级社会行为仅限于生活在生物起源的栖息地的物种。
ABSTRACT Several peracarid species provide parental care for their growing offspring after these have left the brood pouch of the female. In this study, I examined the duration of extended parental care in 3 soft-bottom dwelling amphipod species: the epibenthic suspension feeder Dyopedos monacanthus(Podoceridae), the burrow-dwelling filter-feeder Leptocheirus pinguis (Aoridae), and the burrow-dwelling deposit-feeder Casco bigelowi (Melitidae). Juvenile D. monacanthus remained on the mud whip of their mother for time periods of 10-20 days, maximally 27 days. Many juveniles left their mother before a second clutch was released onto her mud whip, indicating that factors other than the appearance of a second clutch limit the duration of care for the first clutch of juveniles. Juvenile L. pinguis left the burrow of their mother in distinct batches, usually after a molting event. Some juveniles remained in the burrow of their mother for 40-60 days. Juvenile C. bigelowi commonly remained in the burrow of their mother for >80 days, and departed over a period that lasted 20-40 days until all juveniles had left. A literature review revealed that in many epibenthic peracarids with extended parental care, juveniles usually remain with their mothers for about 3 weeks. Females of species that carry their offspring during parental care usually do not produce a second brood while carrying one brood, whereas females that do not carry but guard their offspring often produce a second brood while caring for the first brood. Duration of extended parental care is much more variable in tube-/burrow-dwelling species, lasting from minutes in some species up to 3 months in others. It is concluded that tube-/burrow-dwelling species have a higher potential for long-lasting (»20 days) extended parental care than epibenthic species. Ecological constraints, such as availability of space and food, predation, disturbance, and competition, are discussed as factors limiting the duration of extended parental care. It is hypothesized that the potential for extended parental care is high in marine peracarids, but advanced social behavior is restricted to species that are living in dwellings of biotic origin.