Low Carbon, Low Risk, Low Density: Resolving choices about sustainable development in cities
Low Carbon, Low Risk, Low Density: Resolving choices about sustainable development in cities
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cities.2019.02.018
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发表时间：
2019-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Barr, Stuart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Caparros-Midwood, Daniel;Dawson, Richard;Barr, Stuart
城市地区面临着一个难题，他们需要减少温室气体排放和资源消耗，同时提高对气候变化和极端天气的抵御能力，并改善福祉。然而，人们普遍认识到，孤立地实现其中一个可持续发展目标的善意干预可能会损害其他目标。本文提出了一个框架，可以有效地确定空间开发策略，从而针对多个目标提供最佳结果。该框架已应用于伦敦（英国），以确定可以同时执行以下操作的策略：（i）最大限度地减少未来热浪事件的风险； (ii) 尽量减少洪水事件的风险； (iii) 尽量减少运输排放； (iv) 尽量减少城市扩张； (v) 最大限度地开发棕地； (vi) 防止开发被认为对福祉很重要的绿色空间。单独考虑每个目标的优先顺序会导致空间规划结构的显着不同，从而暴露出许多目标之间的冲突。其中包括城市热风险和交通排放之间的权衡；以及之前未记录的最小化洪水和高温风险之间的冲突。事实证明，允许更大的开发密度灵活性可以减少热风险，同时不会显着影响缓解目标。该框架显着改进了伦敦空间发展战略的分析目标。进一步的分析确定了实现低碳、低风险或低密度城市的最佳空间策略——然而，这些策略不能同时最大化。这项工作表明，在可持续城市的空间规划中需要做出困难且往往是不可调和的选择。空间搜索和优化工具增强了规划的证据基础。快速确定满足多个目标并最大限度地减少它们之间的冲突的发展战略有助于规划者制定同时提高城市可持续性和减少自然灾害风险的战略。
Urban areas face a conundrum, they need to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of resources, whilst also increasing their resilience to climate change and extreme weather, and improving wellbeing. However, it is widely recognized that well intended intervention to address one of these sustainability objectives in isolation can undermine other objectives. This paper presents a framework to efficiently identify spatial development strategies that provide the best outcomes against multiple objectives. The framework has been applied to London (UK) to identify strategies that can simultaneously: (i) minimize exposure to future heat wave events; (ii) minimize the risk from flood events; (iii) minimize transport emissions; (iv) minimize urban sprawl; (v) maximize brownfield development; and, (vi) prevent development of greenspace that is recognized as important to wellbeing. Prioritizing,each objective in isolation leads to considerably different spatial planning structures, exposing conflicts between many objectives. These include tradeoffs between urban heat risk and transport emissions; and also previously undocumented conflicts between minimizing flood and heat risks. Allowing greater flexibility in development density is shown to provide benefits in terms of heat risk reduction, whilst not significantly affecting mitigation objectives. The framework is shown to significantly improve upon the London Spatial Development Strategy for the objectives analyzed. Further analysis identifies optimal spatial strategies to achieve a Low Carbon, Low Risk or Low Density city - however, these cannot be simultaneously maximized. This work shows there are difficult, and often irreconcilable, choices to be made in the spatial planning of sustainable cities. Spatial search and optimization tools strengthen the evidence-base for planning. Rapid identification of development strategies that satisfy, and minimize conflicts between, multiple objectives helps planners to develop strategies that simultaneously improve urban sustainability and reduce the risks from natural hazards.